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Edited by William Saunders,

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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME.

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ASHMEAD, WM. H..... A eee ACK SON Vila Raa O EU TDAY
SONVARBIS Cen ie ee sitet <5 ae eos. Gace MONTREAL. bs QO)
CELE ENING ET BL SHI SASS V0 Dt ae ee . CovINGTON, KENTUCKY,
CLARKSON, FREDERICK...................NEw YorK Crry.
CI AWSOME OB AW. 5 osc doko. 0 Peo variow Sreines, Onto:
GLOV AOC BY DAE DENA Oa are ee te en eae Woopsrock, LLLINOTs.
DOD GHACEVAR IER Suis te. ch eae eee .. Wasuineton, D. C.
OCG ees ase cnn ows eta eae oe ......GLENCOE, NEBRASKA.
UEOYS) CEUAIRAGH Sesotho eee facies ~ AVONDALE, OHIO,
ELD NVEAVR ID) Sa VWVSSELege es oh eo cate ee CoALBURGH, West VA.
HACER SSL) Sls en eae neh: o8 ci, ad, ap _.... CARBONDALE, ILL.
POH RINFAM AD ONE artes tone RT Orono, MAINE.
HCH RCEB Re OANVUE Ses. soe ne ee Om TAnAG ONT
EOIN ESO Heo hos Choa decteccs ess & CARBONDALE: Trranors:
FYLES, REV. T. Ww : Se er ys ie, ean CO WANS IAI Ey.)
GEHRING, GEORGE. i Bee coe eee CUBE ANID OMITO.
COODETLUMIE: Witt.) <. ; Beets Me itette. eA BBS MrASS:
GOODHUE; CHARLES F.. 2. ..::...... ....WeEpsrer, N. H.
CES O UTR SAU Rieter. varngene ot! (si ceeess..... NEW Briceron, Lone Isnannd, NOY.
EUACIBINE DIR REler Atta 2). Sate oe CAMB RID GEE VEASS:
EAI TON OIN Ss paca essence ee . . ALLEGHANY, PA.
ELAR RIN GMONG Wi. Hoes... oe: SS osdooe OMI ENS Ona
HORNED Re GHORGEH) Hes!) 0a ye PHILADELPHIA. eae
Le Niel DUI 0d Bae] Se ee Re a Racing, WIs.
PAO Ker OUEING Grameen eine ane ahs CELA HAUG ULAtval ES ASTINN Eea1()):
ESR IGIG RC OMS DSS). 2 ee crea ieee a eee ...,BurraLo, New York.
TGHINGRINIR RAs ig Ae ne ee ee en AT DANY: NEW SVORKe
TENET OTE [0 Re Pg ce MontrEAL, P. Q.
MEAL HIN Ew) ORIN Ge ge) ne) ene ie ace OARBOND ATTN Mtrat:.
MOMDATE peas RON. 002) Jot ee eee oe ekiaMiMEUroN, ONTARTO:
MONE Ta OSM IREIG cee soe ead SS St. Louis, Mo.
NV ISTOSINGID UD Area bebe seen aes cir ty Ys tc cy tenement ..Farrpury, ILurors.
ORSIBXOUS IAG, 18110 R20 84 ON ed Re ages a Ames, Iowa.
UALETOID ELAS GIS es oc 0 eee ieee Lonpon, ONTARIO.
SAUNDERS, W. (The Editor)................LonpDoNn, ONTARIO.
PAU IDB EGS el Wosulbie Wehr tc, say Geode Seite: Lonpon, Onv.
POSeIININ BeBoe y ECAC IR Mage ka. cis bc eee aa aie PHILADELPHIA, Pa.
SUOMI el JCO et Dis feel B52 ee ee ae eR ete ae New York City.
SVEINIDOIN SAG Hic Uw a. hae see nao ek CCULLDFORD. EINGHANID:
VAN WAGENEN,G. H...... CUS co RASA IA Rykt, New York.
\iV GDI CIISANG IN ADS eiPRe a Helis eee late New Haven, Conn,

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VOR. RIV. LONDON, ONT., JANUARY, 1882. No. 1

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Che Canadian Entomelog

ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS.

THE SOUTHERN CABBAGE BUTTERFL Y—Pieris protodice.

BY THE EDITOR.

In figure 1 we have represented the male, and in figure 2 the female
of the Southern Cabbage Butterfly, an insect by no means confined to the
South, although much more abun-
dant there than in the more northerly
portions of America. This insect
enjoys a wide geographical distri-
bution, extending south-west as far
as ‘Texas, west to Missouri, north-
west to the Red River, and along
the east from Connecticut to the
Southern Atlantic States. A few
years ago it was not uncommon around London, and occasionally quite
plentiful about the shore of Lake Erie at Port Sane |e but of late years
it has become a rare insect with
us, and we have not met with a ge=3
specimen on the wing for several 2
years. The English Cabbage But-
terfly, Preris rape, seems to have
taken its place entirely.

The butterfly is a very pretty
one, as will be seen by the figures.

The ground color in both sexes is Fig. 2.
white, with black spots and black and dusky markings which are much
more numerous in the female than in the male. Although so rare in

Ontario that it has never, as far as we know, been reported as injurious, it
is frequently very destructive to the south of us. According to Mr. Riley,

2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

it is abundant in Missouri, and often proves exceedingly injurious, some-
times destroying in a single district thousands of dollars worth of cabbages.
The caterpillar, when full grown (figure 3, a), is about an inch and a
quarter long, of a bluish-green ~
color, with four longitudinal
yellow stripes and many black
dots ; when first hatched it is
of an orange color with a black
head. The chrysalis, shown
at & in the figure, is about
seven-tenths of an inch long,
: : of a light bluish-grey color
mie oy speckled with black, with the
ridges and prominences edged with buff or flesh-color, and having larger
black dots.
The insect hybernates in the chrysalis state, and where common may
be found on the wing during the months of July, August and September.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF N. AMERICAN
BUTTERFLIES.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

CHIONOBAS VARUNA.

Male.—Expands 1.6 to 1.75 inch.

Upper side brown, individuals varying from yellow to red and black-
brown, but in the examples under view red predominates ; costal edge of
primaries dark brown, next base dusted with white ; apex and hind margin
edged with dark brown, which fades insensibly into the ground color ;
beyond the disk, one to four small black ocelli ; where one only is present,
it is on the upper discoidal interspace ; where two, the second is on lower
median interspace ; where all are present, the two extreme are large and
about equal in size, the interior pair minute.

Secondaries have a narrow brown border, clearly defined on inner
side ; all the nervures and branches edged with dark scales ; the ocelli

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3

are from nil to five, small, black ; when all are present they stand one on
each interspace from subcostal to lower median; fringes of primaries
mixed light and dark brown, of secondaries mostly light.

Under side of primaries paler, the tint varying as above ; over costa,
apex and over hind margin to the ocelli, sprinkled with light brown and
white ; in some examples the white disappears below median nervure ; in
the cell the brown lies in transverse streaks, and near the outer end are
two whitish patches ; along the edge of hind margin a white dot in each
interspace ; the ocelli repeated, enlarged and pupilled with white ; in one
example, which has but one ocellus above, there are three below, one
being on second discoidal, the other on second. median interspace.

Secondaries light and dark brown and white, or almost wholly dark
brown ; the basal area often dark to middle of cell, in sub-concentric
curves about base, intermingled with streaks of white, but in other cases is
nearly solid dark brown ; across disk a narrow dark band, the outer side
well defined, the basal side not so distinctly, as the curved stripes, or the
basal color, tend to coalesce with it ; but when most distinct this inner
side is pretty evenly excavated; on the outer side there is a rounded
prominence opposite cell, posterior to which the outline is wavy to inner
margin, and anterior there is a single curve to costa; this band is dark
brown upon both edges, and in some examples is wholly dark, in others it
is lighter colored within, and with a little white; beyond the-band, the
ground is either white, thickly dusted and streaked with brown, most so
along the line of the ocelli; or wholly uniform dark brown with a little
dusting of white ; along the margin white dots like those of primaries ;
the ocelli are five, nearly equal and pupilled white ; in one they are minute
and the spot next outer angle is wanting.

Body black-brown ; below, thorax black, abdomen gray-brown ; iegs
light brown, with gray ; palpi brown with black hairs ; antennze fuscous
above, dull white below ; club orange below and at tip.

Female.—Expands 1.8 to 1.9 inch.

Closely like the male, the color varying in same manner ; the marginal
borders are both distinctly cut on inner side ; the ocelli on primaries run
from two to four, on secondaries are five, all usually blind, but sometimes
the anterior ocellus on primaries and the second and fifth on secondaries

have white pupils.
Under side as in male ; white dots along both margins as in the male,

4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

From 6 %, 4 2, taken by Mr. Morrison on the plains of Dacotah
Terr., May, 1881.

Varuna belongs to same sub-group with Uf/er?, Reak.; the fore wings,
especially of the male, being narrow and produced. On the under side
Uhlert is very white. Mr. Reakirt described the hind wings as “ marbled
with irregular markings of white, black and brownish scales, sometimes
congregated into spots ; at others, disposed in transverse lines, the darkest
portions nearest the base, the color decreasing outwards ; the waves from
the outer border of the transverse band (up to base) are so interlaced
and contiguous as to preclude all possibility of tracing any inner outline
to this band ; this outer is more distinct, yet not nearly so well or clearly
defined as in the allied species ; the reticulations appear to be diffused
over the whole surface.”

This description was made from a single pair taken by the late Mr.
James Ridings, on Pike’s Peak, in 1864, and late in the year, as to my
knowledge, Mr. Ridings did not begin to collect before last of August or
September. The expanse of the f is given as 1.75 inch, the 2, 1.69.
Since that date many examples have been brought in, and the species is
not uncommon in collections. It varies greatly. I have 11 f, 3 9, in
my own collection. All are larger than Mr. Reakirt’s specimens seem to
have been, the smallest expanding 1.7 inch, the largest 2.05. The
average expanse of the 11 is 1.88 inch. The females expand 2.1, 2.15,
2.2, averaging 2.15 inch. On the other hand, my Varuna males run from
1.6 to 1.75, averaging 1.7 inch; and the females average 1.88. Varuna
therefore is considerably the smaller of the two.

It is also darker colored on upper surface, being red-brown most often,
less commonly yellowish, while UAderi is pale yellow-brown, and some-
times decidedly whitish—though I have one which is_ red-brown, plainly
an exceptional case, as out of many which have passed through my hands,
this was saved as the only dark one.

In the ocelli, their number and shape, the two species are alike.

On the under side, UA/erz is white, that being the predominating color
on the hind wings especially. In 6 @, there is no trace of a band, the
brown waves, as Reakirt calls them, being distributed pretty evenly over
the whole surface, sometimes much broken, or macular ; in one of these
the brown is almost obsolete, and the surface is white with some fine
streaks and a dusting of brown. In 5 {, there is a concentration of the
waves upon the disk and basal area so as to give an indistinct band, the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5

brown and white being interlaced in about equal proportions. If any-
thing, the white predominates from the outer edge of the band to base ;
in 2 of the 5, while the band is thus outlined, all the rest of the wing to
hind margin is white flecked with fine streaks or dusted.

The 3 @ are yellow above, two of them with less white below than
any of the males; the other has the macular surface and no band. Of the
two, one has the area from base to outer side of the band evenly reticu-
lated brown and white, and the other is macular over the same area ; so
that in neither is there an inner side to the band. Wherever in both sexes
there is an approach to a band, it is very unlike the dark band usually
seen in this genus. In all the Varuna, also, there are distinct white
points on both hind margins on under side, and I find nothing of this in
Uhileri.

Mr. Morrison writes : ‘‘ This Chionobas was taken in Dacotah Terr., on
my way to Montana, in May. It was found on the plains, elevation about
£,200 feet, and in all about roo specimens were taken. All the Chleri 1
have taken were in mountains, never at less than 5,000 feet elevation, and
from that to 11,000 feet, and only in July and August.”

Mr. A. G. Butler, Cat. of Satyride in B. Mus. Col., 1868, gave
Chionobas (Oeneis) Zargeia, Esper., Eu. Schmett., pl. 83, as belonging
to Arctic America. It has occurred to me that the form I call Varuna
might be that which Mr. Butler hid in view. Esper’s figure represents a
species shaped, colored above, and ocellated after the manner of UA/erz,
but I should not take the under side to be that of any of the American
forms. But the figures are too coarsely done to enable small differences
to be distinguished. The butterfly Zarfeza I have not seen.

ANCYLOXYPHA LENA.

Male.—Expands 1.1 inch.

Upper side dark brown, glossy; primaries nave three small white
spots, with traces of a fourth, in an oblique bar from costa, at four fifths
the distance from base to apex ; a small spot in cell near outer end ; and
three minute spots in median and submedian interspaces, two being in the
latter, these about three fifths the distance from base to hind margin.
Secondaries immaculate. Fringes concolored.

Under side of primaries dark brown, grayish at base and over apical
area, more particularly when seen obliquely. Secondaries gray-brown,
caused by a uniform sprinkling of whitish scales over the brown surface ;

6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

without spot except a transverse abbreviated white dash on middle of disk.

Female.—Expands 1.15 inch; color of the male; the white spots
conspicuous, forming a discal row quite across primaries; a large spot in
cell, and a small! one in submedian interspace near base. Under side of
both wings as in the male, except that the three costal spots of discal row

are repeated, and the spot in cell, but all are reduced.

From 1 ¢, 1 2, taken in Montana by Mr. Morrison, 1881.

examples were taken.

LIST OF BUTTERFLIES TAKEN BY

In all 4

H. K. MORRISON IN DACOTAH AND

MONTANA, 1881.

Papilio Zolicaon, Bois.
Pieris Protodice, Bois.
Colias Philodice, Godt.
*¢ Eurytheme.
form Keewaydin, Edw.
Argynnis Cybele, Fab.

$f Aphrodite, Fab.

4 Nevadensis, Edw.

Sa Edwardsu, Reak.

Myrina, Cram.
Euptoieta Claudia, Cram.
Melitaea Acastus, Edw.
Phyciodes Carlota, Reak.

- Tharos, Drury.
Limenitis Weidemeyerii, Edw.
‘¢ Disippus, Godt.
Coenonympha Inornata, Edw.

Satyrus Nephele, v. Olympus, Edw

‘© Meadu, Edw.

‘¢ Charon, Edw.

*< Silvestris, Edw.
Chionobas Varuna, Edw.
Thecla Humuli, Harr.

*« Strigosa, Harr.

Thecla Acadica, Edw.
«< Smilacis, Bois.
Sw iintie) tab:

Chrysophanus Dione, Scud.

ee Helioides, Bois.
s Rubidus, Edw.
Lycaena Saepiolus, Bois.
oe Lupini, Bois. ,
ee Melissa, Edw.
¥ Aemon, West.-Doubl.
Pseudargiolus, Bois.
form Violacea, Edw.
Comyntas, Godt.
Ancyloxypha Lena, Edw.
Thymelicus Poweschiek, Parker.
Pamphila Pawnee, Dodge.

ve Uncas, Edw.

sa Cernes, Bois.

¢ Metacomet, Harr.

6 Delaware, Edw.
Amblyscirtes Vialis, Edw.
Pyrgus Tessellata, Scud.

“« Scriptura, Bois.
Thanaos Persius, Scud.

“J

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

FIELD NOTES—1881.
BY W. H. HARRINGTON, OTTAWA, ONT.

The earth covered by its first mantle of snow reminds one that the
collecting season is virtually ended, and the lengthening evenings allure
one to the study fireside to go carefully over note books and collections
and to read the recorded labors of fellow Entomologists.

A few memoranda from my own note book may perhaps not be barren
of interest to some of the less experienced readers of the ENTOMOLOGIST.
I find that almost the first insect of spring was the Mud-wasp, Polestes
annulatus, which appeared with a few flies and spiders about the 15th of
March. ‘This wasp is very abundant here, and from the pulverized mac-
adam of the streets thousands of its mud cells are constructed every
summer under the window-sills and numerous cornices of the Parliament
Buildings, about which the wasps linger until the end of October. Toward
the end of March a few bees and a number of small beetles, as Amara
interstitialis, appeared. reris rap@, the cabbage butterfly, was observed
on April 1st, but from this date to the 8th of the month a severe cold
spell (thermometer touching zero) reduced insect appearances to the
minimum again. At its conclusion they emerged in still greater variety
and number; Vanessa antiopa flitted about in sunny glades of the wood ;
Cicindela purpurea enlivened the fields, and its relatives, C. vulgaris and
C. sex-guitata, the roads. Mosquitoes came in full force a fortmight later,
and on the 24th I obtained a number of Buprestidz upon young pines,
viz., 1 gf and 2 2 C. wirginiensis, and 14 § and 13 9 C. kiberta. Iwas
somewhat surprised to find them so early in the year, yet could have taken
many more. ‘They were generaily paired, in several instances copulating.
Some /issodes were also seen, and these were with few exceptions copu-
lating. Great numbers of Saw-flies were also upon the pines. A few days
later I captured specimens of A. striata, and by the beginning of May all
orders of insects were well represented. On the 6th Serica sericea was
abundant on the foliage of wild gooseberry bushes. CArxysomela elegans
was also unusually numerous, but I could not find upon what it fed.
Platycerus quercus ? was found eating the buds of maples and other trees.
The buds were often completely eaten out, and the beetles hidden from
view therein. In some buds a male and female were found copulating.
This beetle was new to my collection, but I found them frequently again

8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

during the summer when using a beating net. During May the curious
larvee of certain Lampyride were often seen in damp woods, crawling on
the trunks of trees, such as cedar, or affixed by the tail to the bark, under-
going their metamorphoses in a similar manner to the larvae of the Coc-
cinellide. Some reared at home emerged as Photinus angulatus. The
larvee, and to a less degree, the pupze, emitted a strong greenish glow from
two of the posterior segments; the imago being, of course, one of our
common “ fire flies.” Some of the larve were thickly covered beneath
with small ticks, of a bright vermilion color, which had their pointed heads
plunged between the armored segments of the larvae. They were not
easily dislodged, but walked rapidly when free. By these little parasites
the larvae were so weakened as to perish before completing their transfor-
mations. The warm weather of mid-May brought forth increased hosts
of insects, and the sultry air, especially in the neighborhood of lumber
yards, swarmed with Scolytide, etc. Toward the end of the month I
took a trip, with three friends, to the Wakefield Cave, about twenty miles
north of the city ; and in my spare moments collected a number of insects
in that vicinity. Cicindelidz especially abounded on the sandy hill-side
roads, and I captured three species which are rare, or not found about
here, viz., C. 12-guttata, C. longilabris and C. limbalts. On my way back
I took a specimen of C. sex-gutfata having only two spots (the anterior
one on each elytron). Although called Six-spotted Tiger Beetles, very
many have eight spots, and specimens with ten spots are frequeatly taken.
In a beech grove at Chelsea, /¢thycerus curculionides was very abundant ;
several could be seen on nearly every tree; many pairs were copulating.
Where do the larve live? On the 31st of May several specimens of C.
Harrisii were taken on pine saplings, and /Z. fades and its long-snouted
relatives were in full force. On June 4th, Saperda vestita, Oberea ama-
bilis, B. nasicus, C. nenuphar, A. quadrigibbus, and many other weevils,
elaters, etc., were noted. At an excursion of the Ottawa Field Natural-
ists’ Club to Montebello (45 miles down the river), on 26th June, I
captured 129 species of Coleoptera, a considerable percentage of which
were new to me. Carabidee were particularly abundant under drift-wood
and dead leaves on the damp, shady shore, and 35 species were taken.
Chrysomelide, Elateridae and Curculionidae were next in number with
15, 13 and r3 species respectively. After midsummer my opportunities
for collecting were few, and my notes correspondingly scanty. I will
merely mention the capture at Aylmer and Hull, on Oct. 2nd, of Aleta

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9

argentata, the cotton moth; both specimens were in perfect order, not in
the least rubbed or worn. In Oct., 1880, I took several specimens about
the city, also apparently recently emerged.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF ISOSOMA.

BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

IsosomA ALLYNII, n. s.

Female.—Average length .10 of an inch. Color of body and antennze
uniform black, the first with a slight greenish lustre. Head about .o25 of
an inch wide, about two thirds as long; the antennz a little enlarged at
the ends, hairy, microscopic hairs moderately scattered over the head and
thorax. Thorax, as well as head, punctured ; wings hyaline, dotted over
with microscopic hairs, the thorax in its widest part about the width of the
head. Abdomen gradually tapering from near the base, the ovipositor
slightly exserted. The color of the legs vary slightly; in five speci-
mens the anterior and posterior legs have the femars fuscous except at the
ends ; the tibiz with basal half fuscous, the rest yellow; the terminal
joint of tarsi fuscous, the rest yellow; the middle pair of legs are yellow
throughout except the terminal tarsi. ‘Two specimens have all the femurs
fuscous, yellow at the ends. One specimen has all the femurs pale red,
and the tibize fuscous, but this is probably a change from yellow by the
poison bottle used in killing. One is marked like the first five, with the
yellow replaced by pale red; another is like the first five, except that the
middle tibize are a little clouded at base.

Male.—In this sex the body, wings and antenne are colored like the
females, but the antenne are a little more slender at their ends. The
head and thorax have about the same measurements, but the abdomen is
a little shorter, the whole insect being from .06 to .o7 of an inch. The
legs have all the femurs yellow, front tibiz yellow, middle and hind tibiz
fuscous, except at the apices, which are yellow ; feet as in the females.

Larvae.—These are found inside stalks of growing wheat in Southern
Illinois, before the ripening of the grain, and in the straw and stubble
during the rest of the summer. They are found mostly in the interior of
the first and second internodes below the one supporting the head, usually
singly, but sometimes more than one in the same internode. They pro-

10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

duce no swelling or gall, as do the larvae of Z Hordei, but feed upon the
soft tissue of the interior of the stalks. They are about .15 of an inch
long, rather slender, tapering slightly toward either end, footless, but when
in motion seeming to have the power of pushing out the substigmatal
portion of the segments, a distinct transverse head about two thirds the
width of body, with a pair of brown jaws. Color yellow, approaching a
pale orange.

Pupae.—These vary from about .o8 to .12 of an inch long, are black
and of the usual hymenopterous form. About four fifths of the larve
observed changed to pupz and produced the imago, or died, the past
season from July 2oth, when the first imago was found, to August 2oth, or
perhaps better, underwent their changes between July 8th and August 20th;
but I think this the effect of the dry season. Those examined the last of
November were in the pupa state in the interior of the stalks down close to
or in the substance of the joint, both in the fields and in my breeding
jars. Those were in the larva state the last of August. It is probable they
pass the winter in the pupa state under ordinary circumstances to produce
the imagines in the spring, and that those hatching during July and August
perish without ovipositing.

-Described from ro females and 4 males.

I take pleasure in dedicating this species to Robt. Allyn, LL.D.,
President of the Southern Illinois Normal University, as a slight acknow-
ledgment of valuable aid and encouragement he has rendered me in my
work.

IsosoMA ELYMI, 0. s.

Length .o7 of aninch. A little more slender than the preceding ;
width of head and middle of thorax .o2 of an inch. Color black without
metallic lustre. Head and thorax very sparsely covered with hairs ;
antenne scarcely enlarged at the. ends; wings hyaline, microscopically
hairy ; legs rather more slender than in the preceding species, or in J.
Hordet, all fuscous throughout, except that the joints are a little pale.
Abdomen about as in the other species, the ovipositor slightly exserted.

Larvae.—These are found on the interior of the culms of Alymus
Canadensis in about the middle internodes of the stalks, very much as the
larvae of the preceding species are to be found on the interior of wheat
culms. While, however, the wheat larvae are generally just above the
joint, these may be found in any part of the interior of an internode.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 11

Both feed upon the soft tissue of the interior of the stalk, and do not pro-
duce any enlargement ; the only noticeable effect from the outside is that
internodes containing larvae are usually shorter than others. The larvae
are footless, about .1o of an inch long when still, and 04. wide in the
widest part, tapering to the extremities ; the head transverse, about two
thirds as wide as the body in its widest part, with two brown jaws. Color
very pale yellow. Like the preceding, there appear to be slight projections
from the sides of the body at times.

Pupa.—At the time of writing this, December 12th, all the specimens
I have are in the larva state. A few went through with their transforma-
tions during the summer, but a much smaller number than of the preced-
ing species. August 30th, two specimens of the imago were obtained from
culms, having gnawed their holes of egress nearly large enough to emerge,
but one was so injured in cutting open the stalk that it was not preserved.
The form and color of pupa can only be guessed from the empty cases of
those found in the culms.

Described from one female specimen found hatched in a stalk of
Elymus Canadensis, August 30th, 1881.

THE OLDEST FIGURES OF NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS.
BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

The Gazophylacium of Jacob Petiver, Apothecary in London (died
1715) is a very rare book, as the plates and the catalogues were printed
and published at different times between 1695 and 1715. They
were collected later and published by Mr. Empson, an officer of the
British Museum and a natural son of Sir Hans Sloane, in 1764, in
London, with the title, “ Jacobi Petiveri Opera, etc., or Gazophylacium,
2 vol. fol.” A small volume in 8vo contains the original sheets published
by Petiver between 1695 and 1706. ‘The library of the Museum of
Comp. Zool. at Cambridge possesses a copy presented, June 1765 by
Emanuel Mendez da Costa, Librarian of the Royal Society, to Thomas
Knowlton. The collection of J. Petiver, at least the Lepidoptera, is still
preserved in the British Museum, and was seen by mein 1857. Every
butterfly is placed between two thin plates of mica, fastened with a small

ie THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

band of paper around the margin, and glued with one flying slip to the
pages of a book in quarto, so that every species can be examined above
and beneath.

Perhaps it is of some interest to know the names of the insects repre-
sented in the Gazophylacium, the more as many of them are quoted by
Linnaeus. Some are well represented, many of the others recognizable.

Plate 2, figure 2. Buprestis rufipes ? Maryland.
3, ‘“ 3. Neonympha eurytris. Maryland.
oy Nec An ae 2. Deiopeia bella. Carolina.
o'6,",/ *".’ 6, \Perhaps-a ‘Tenthredo, Caroma:
2. Limenitis spec.? Carolina.
6. Basket from Oiketicus. Carolina.
tong J) “ro. Colas caesemiay © ‘Carol:
“20, °° \)) 4 Alaus oculatus: y Virginia.
“ 10. Mutilla spec. Virginia.
RUA ne te 5. Actias luna. Maryland.
“15, “1 & 2. Libellula trimaculata, mas. fem. Maryl.

% «gg. Limenitis disippus. Carol.

aly, oor, 42: Sontag spec... Mary,
x “7. Callimorpha militaris var. contigua. Maryl.
* ‘* 8. Callimorpha interrupto-marginata. Mary].
iC «11. Disonycha glabrata. Maryl.

a ‘* 12. Thyris lugubris. Maryl.
“to. Strategus antaeus. Mary).
Sahih ra, “Cerambycid'?- Carol:
“26, <* ‘ax. ‘Coleopteron?. Maryl:
Clytus Robiniae. Maryl.
Passalus interruptus. Maryl.
Phanaeus carnifex. Mary].
Eudamus Lycidas. Carol.
Haemaris thisbe. Carol.
Epilachna borealis. Maryl.
Vanessa Huntera. Maryl.
Erebia Portlandia. Carol.
Cicindela purpurea.

Lebia spec. Carol.
Cassida spec. Carol,

Lal

ww
BY
WO HH Ol W ~T th 60 st Go

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1g

The second volume contains the Pterigraphia Americana on 20 plates
(Ferns, Mushrooms, etc.), published perhaps 1708. There are many
insects, mostly from the Antilles. But there are also a number of un-
doubtedly N. American insects among them.

Pl. r1, fig. ro. Pyrgota undata? 11. Dipteron. 12. Tabanus. 13.
Musca. 14,15. Mutilla.

Pl 12;8 1-15... Diptera.

Pl. 13, 1. Thalessa lunator. 2. Ophion. 3. Sirex. 4. Hymenopt.

Pl. 14, 8 & ro. Chauliodes serricornis. 9. Polystoechotes sticticus.

Pl. 15, 7. Chauliodes pectinicornis. 8 & 9. Diptera.

Pl. 20, 14. Longicorn beetle.

The much later work of Catesby figures only 17 insects from North

America.

NOTES ON APHIDIDZ:.
BY JOSEPH MONELL, E. M., ST. LOUIS, MO.

APHIS LONICER# Monell. Riley & Monell, Notes on the Aphididze,
U. S, Geol. and Geogr. Survey, Vol. v., Jan., 1879, p. 6.

This species is the one mentioned by Prof. Thomas in the eighth II.
Ent. Rept., p. 104, under the name of Chazfophorus lonicere Mon Mss.

PHORODON MAHALEK Fonsc. This European species has been very
abundant at the Missouri Botanical Gardens, St. Louis. I believe that it
has not before been definitely reported as occurring in the United States.

CHAITOPHORUS SMITHIZ Monell, |. c. p. 32.
Chaittophorus saltcicola Thos. 1. c.
CALLIPTERUS Koch.

Continued study of this genus has confirmed me in the opinion that
the subdivision proposed by Passerini is impracticabie. In this I am
confirmed by Prof. Buckton in his valuable work on the British Aphides.

C. uLmiFoLu Monell, |. c. p. 29.
C. ulmicola Thos. |. c. p. 111.

C. (MyzocaL.is) HYPERICI Thos.
This species was previously described by me as APHIS HyPERICT l. c.

14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

p. 25. This insect is a typical Aphis and lives in ¢lusters. So far as I
know, all Callipterus are sporadic in habit.

C. TRIFOLII n. sp.

Apterous individuals : Tuberculate ; with capitate hairs.

Winged individuals : Dorsum without conspicuous tubercles. Third
joint of antennz twice as long as the fourth ; fourth and fifth joints sub-
equal ; sixth and seventh joints sub-equal.

Wings: Marginal cell hyaline. Veins bordered with brown. — Basal
half of stigmal vein sub-obsolete and not thickened and dusky at base.

Length of body .o4—.05, of wing .07, of antennz .o6 in. Clover
leaves. June.

This species can be easily distinguished by the naked eye from C, punc-
tata, by having the veins more robust, and shaded not only at tip but for
their entire length.

The American species may be distinguished as follows. With regard
to the species described by Fitch, see Riley & Monell, l. c. p. 28.

A. Dorsum of winged individuals with spine-like tubercles. . .C. udmifolit
_AA. Dorsum without spine-like tubercles.
a. Marginal cell dusky.
b. Middle tibize pale yellow. Femora pale yellow......C. Walshit
bb. Tibize black. Apical portion of femora black..........C. bella
aa. Marginal cell hyaline.
6. Wings with transverse, shaded bands.
c. Abdomen with conspicuous dusky spots...........-.C. déscolor
cc. Abdomen yellow, concolorous, or with very faint transverse
. bands. .C. asclepiadts
bb. Wings sub-hyaline.
c. Nectaries distinct.
@. Wings not hyaline.
e. Sixth joint of antennz half as long as seventh. . C. punctata
ee. Sixth and seventh joints sub-equal..........-- C. trifolit
dd. Wings hyaline.
e. Apical joint of antenne a little longer than the sixth, veins
whitish. . C. Ayalinus
ee. Apical joint of antennz three times as long as the sixth.
First and second discoidals black... .C. detulaecolens
cc. Nectaries not perceptible.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15

ad. Wings hyaline........ DE REE, SEN GIG Mere pine
dd. Veins bordered! with Brown MPEP EER A LPL bal C. guercicola

CoLOPHA COMPRESSA (Koch.)

Schizoneura compressa Koch, Pflzl. 1854.

Lyrsocrypta ulmicola Fitch. Fourth N. Y. Rep’t, 1858 §. 347.

Thelaxes ulmicola Walsh. Gen. Am. Aph. Proc. Phil. Ent. Soc.
I, 1862, p. 305.
American Entomologist, I, 1869, p. 224.

Colopha ulmicola Monell. C. E. ix, 1877, p. 102.

Glyphina ulmicola Vhomas |. c. p. 142, 1879

Colopha compressa Lichtenstein. Les pucerons des ormeaux.
Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, 1880.
American Entomologist, iil, p. 76, 1880,

This insect has been referred to six different genera. The synonymy
of this species up to 1877 has been discussed in the C. E,, ix., 102.

The genus Glyphina was insufficiently characterized by Koch. The
species upon which it was founded, G. Aefu/ae, is referred to the genus
Vacuna by Passerini (1863), Walker (1870) and Kaltenbach (1874) under
the name of V. a/nz Schrank.

Some doubts existed as to whether intermediate forms would not be
found connecting Vacuna and Colopha, as it has been found that the
number of joints in the antennze sometimes vary (see Lichtenstein,
Entom. Monthly Mag., March, 1880), but Prof. Riley, who has investigated
this subject with his usual ability, has succeeded from biological evidence
in establishing the right of Colopha to rank as a separate genus.

According to Mr. Lichtenstein, of Montpellier, the true female of
Vacuna has a rostrum and lives about a month sucking at the leaves. In
Colopha, on the other hand, the true female has a rudimentary mouth and
dies with the egg in the body. Judging by analogy with Tetraneura, it is
probable that the true female lives but for a few days. ‘The validity of the
genus Colopha is acknowledged by Lichtenstein, Kessler, Loew and Fr.
Thomas, but all of these gentlemen concur in considering the European
S. compressa Koch identical with the American &. u/muicola Fitch.

TETRANEURA Hartig.

Lyrsocrypta Hal (in part), nec Walsh.
Antenne short, six-jointed.

16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Wings deflexed. Fore wings with four simple oblique veins. Hind
wings with one oblique vein.

This genus has not been previously found in America. The only
species known are 7: wdmi Geofft., 7. alba Ratzb. and TZ. rubra Licht.

I have succeeded in raising 7: w/mi at St. Louis from eggs sent to me
by Mr. Kessler, of Cassel. They seemed to thrive the first season, but
did not appear again the next year.

T. GRAMINIS Nn. sp.

Head and thorax dusky, abdomen dusky or sometimes of a greenish
or yellowish tinge. _ Antennz dusky, the third joint as long as the three
following taken together ; joints four and five equal; apical joint a little
over half as long as the preceding. Wings hyaline. Subcostal of the
hind wing comparatively straight.

Length of body .08, to tip of wings .12 in.

On leaves of Aiva caespitosa and Agrostis plumosa, enveloped in a
thick cotton-like secretion,

Sept.Oct. St. Louis, Mo. Springfield, Mo. Neosho City, Mo.

PEMPHIGUS ACERIS N. sp.

Winged female : Head and thorax dusky, abdomen dusky, but appear-
ing white from the abundant pulverulent matter. Antennz long, slender ;
the apex of the fourth joint reaching the wing insertions ; joints sub-
cylindric, scarcely contracted at base, apical unguis not perceptible ;
fourth and fifth joints sub-equal, fourth joint not clavate, third joint less
than the two preceding taken together.

Wings sub-hyaline, subcostal and oblique veins brownish black. Stig-
mal vein arising behind the middle of the stigma. Venation closely
resembling that of P. acerifolii, except that the base of the first discoidal
is usually more remote from that of the second discoidal. Length 0.12
—o.15, to tip of wings o.20—0.22 in. On the under side of limbs of
Hard Maple, enveloped in woolly matter. Peoria, Ill. June (Miss E. A.
Smith). A comparison of about fifty species, each, of P. aceris and P.
acerifoli, shows that the antennal differences between the two are quite
constant.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES FOR THE SUMMER OF 1881.
BY PROF. E. W. CLAYPOLE, YELLOW SPRINGS, 0.

’ I came only last year on the premises where I am now residing, and
though I had a small crop of cherries, they were so badly infested with
the weevil (Conotrachelus nenuphar) that only a few quarts could be
found free from the grub and fit for canning. This year a fair crop was
promised, the spring was late and the danger of frost little. 1 proposed
therefore to make war upon the enemy, and as soon as the blossom was
over prepared a large sheet of cheese-cloth, and for about three weeks
jarred the trees before breakfast almost every morning. As the result, I
have now nearly 2,000 weevils peacefully reposing in a bottle, after a com-
posing draught of benzine. Only about ro per cent. of my cherries this
year were unfit for use. I carried the war into the orchard, and simply by
way of experiment, jarred some of the early apple trees and captured a
great many of my enemies. I am more than repaid for my labors both
on the cherry and apple trees by the quality of the apples, when last year,
with a larger crop, I only obtained knotty, gnarly fruit. I have this year
round, smooth, well-shaped apples. I have never heard that anything has
been done, at least in this neighborhood, to trap the weevils on the apple
trees. Those who live in the north have no idea of the mischief wrought
here by the weevil in the orchards.

A word for the mole. In digging potatoes this year I observed the
runs of a mole in all directions through the ground. It wasa piece of old |
sod and very much infested with white worms, the larvee of the Cockchafer
(Lachnosterna fusca). Many of the potatoes had been partly eaten by
these worms, but I observed that wherever a mole-run traversed a hill of
potatoes no white worm could be found, even though the half-eaten
potatoes were proof of his former presence. The inference is fair that
the mole had found him first and eaten him, and very likely the mole’s
object in so thickly tunnelling this piece of ground was to find these grubs.

Now it would be very easy to trump up a charge against the mole on
the evidence of these facts. There was the ‘‘run” which nothing but a
mole could make, and there were the gnawed potatoes; put the two
together and kill the mole. Many a man has been punished on less con-
clusive circumstantial evidence. But it is perfectly easy to distinguish the
work of a mole from that of a white worm, if one will only take the pains.

18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

I have many times found the latter coiled up in the potato he was eating,
but I have never seen the mark of teeth such as the mole possesses on a
potato. Nor do I believe the mole ever meddles with potatoes, or corn.

Abundance of Certain Insects.—The Southern Cabbage Butterfly
(P. protodice) is exceedingly abundant here this summer. I have been
able to count scores on ‘the wing at one time.

The potato worm, or larva of S. 5-maculata, is troublesome on the late
potatoes this month (September) and soon strips a plant of its leaves.
However, he is easily dealt with, as he is at once betrayed by the castings on
the ground, and a little “ poison-dust,” such as I use for the beetle, soon
makes an end of him. I have tried “ Buhach” on this insect, but find
the former much easier of application and more effective. The latter
diluted with ten parts of flour had little effect on the worms, but when
used neat it stopped their feeding and killed two of them in a couple of
days. But there is the trouble of looking up the creature (green on a
green ground) in order to put the powder ‘“‘ where it will do the most
good,” whereas one need only shake the powder-tin over the plant and
pass on, leaving the worm to poison itself.

The same is true of the Cabbage Butterfly (P. rage) in the early
stages of growth of the cabbage. I have used Buhach, and a friend of
mine is now using it ona plot of 3,000 heads of cabbage, but the time
spent in finding the green worm on the green leaf is a serious drawback,
and while the plant is very young I prefer using the “poison dust.” I
can sprinkle a whcle bed while I am finding the worm on a dozen cabbage
heads in order “to put salt on his tail.” The ‘‘ poison dust” to which I
” refer is made by mixing one part of London Purple and sixty parts of
ashes and passing the mixture several times through a fine sieve. I may
add that I find this a very efficient remedy for the turnip fly.

NEW MOTHS, CHIEFLY FROM ARIZONA.

BY A. R. GROTE.
(Continued from Vol. xiii., p. 229.)
HADENA IDONEA, 0. S.
ft 2. This species is similar in size to verbascotdes and cariosa ; it is
very like the latter only instead of reddish brown the color is of an
ochrey brown, rather pale, the stigmata concolorous, rather wide, ill-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19

defined, separated by the dark median shade. The claviform spot is
open, and stretches across the median field nearly touching the even t. p.
line. Lines geminate, marked on costa. A slight, irregular basal streak
and one below it on internal margin. Terminal field dark shaded,
obtaining twice, opposite cell and at internal angle. Fringes dark cut
with pale. Hind wings very dark, with paler fringes, concolorous, an
indication of discal mark ; beneath with faint double extra-mesial lines ;
the narrow terminal space paler on both wings. The costa of fore wings
is more or less pale. Abdomen tufted. This species is more ochrey than
vulgaris. Texas, Kansas, Wisconsin.

HaDENA AUREA, Grote.
This species may be known from all the other forms of Pseudanarta

by the white discal (reniform) spot and the orange hind wings. A speci-
men from Arizona is a little larger than my type and the fore wings show
indications of the t. p, ands. t. lines shaded with whitish and give the
outer third of the wing a little the appearance of fava. The white discal
spot of fore wings is repeated beneath and is probably a quick character
of the species. The hind wings are bright orange above and below,
without discal mark and with a moderate, even, black marginal band.
My type from Texas has the fore wings a little rubbed. The Arizona
specimen expands 21 mil. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

ONCOCNEMIS GRISEICOLLIS, Nn. Ss.

Allied to atricol/aris but smaller, the collar entirely whitish gray, head
blackish. Eyes naked ; the short fore tibiae with a terminal claw. Gray,
of a whitish tone. Under the glass the surface of primaries is whitish
sparsely mixed with black scales. The markings hardly visible to naked
eye. Under the glass the black, perpendicular, thread-like 1. a. line is
seen and attached to it a sub-rounded enclosed concolorous spot, the
claviform. Similarly the concolorous orbicular and reniform may be seen
ringed with fine black circles, the stigmata subequal, orbicular round,
reniform upright, hour-glass shaped. Median space narrow; t. p. line
indicated. A black dash from the reniform outward tapering to external
margin. Similar fine interspaceal shades give the terminal space a slightly
rayed appearance. Hind wings whitish, sub-pellucid. Beneath pale.
Expanse 25 mil. Arizona, coll. B. Neumoegen.

This makes the twenty-first species of this genus discovered in North
America. The species is interesting as affording an ally to atricol/arts.

20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

PYGARCTIA ABDOMINALIS.

This species described by me many years ago, from a specimen taken
by me in Alabama, is, I now believe, wrongly placed. The type has been
broken ; only a pair of wings remain. I believe it to be a Euchaetes, not
since taken. The fore wings are of the same dark color as eg/e and
Spraguet, but there is a distinct dark yellow costal vitta. The species
will easily be recognised from the description, with its reference to
Luchaetes. The median vein of secondaries is 4-branched, 3, 4, 5 being
thrown off near together from the extremity of the vein. The type was a
female, as may yet be verified by the divided frenulum.

CaPIS CURVATA, n g, et sp.

A Deltoid form with the outline of Zzsyrhyfena, but the wings broader
and shorter. Antennz simple. Ocelli. Labial palpi moderately pro-
jected, third article short, a little depending. Fore wings broad, glistening
deep brown, with a curved even s. t. line, outside of which the exterior
margin is washed with white. Hind wings concolorous fuscous. Beneath
paler fuscous, without markings. This species I have seen in Prof.
Lintner’s collection. One specimen in my own expands 20 mil. New
York.

SOME PECULIARITIES OF ARGYNNIS IDALIA.

The males are very plentiful throughout the summer, flying about feed-
ing on the flowers of the clover and milk-weed ; but the females are
exceedingly rare, and I never saw one feeding but once. I collected a
whole summer and did not succeed in finding one. I never have seen the
female on the wing, unless I had scared it from its hiding place. Of
course the females must feed, but I cannot imagine when they do so. In
trying to discover where the females were, I found that they remained hid-
den in the long grass of the fields near the ground, and they would not
take wing unless you nearly stepped on them, when they would get up as
quickly as a partridge. Their flight is exceedingly rapid and generally in
a straight line for about too ft., and then they do not alight on a flower or
bush or flutter about like the male, but suddenly drop like lead in the long
grass. It would be almost impossible to tell the. exact spot where they
alight, as they drop so suddenly, but on approach near it they are off like
a shot again. I was thus able to distinguish the males from the females
by the peculiarities in their flight alone.

Harry SKINNER, Philadelphia, Penn.

Che Canadian Entomolomst.

VOL. XIV. LONDON, ONT., FEBRUARY, 1882. Nov. 2

NOTES ON CERTAIN BUTTERFLIES, THEIR HABITS, ETC.

Vo. Tf.
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

I. PAPILIO PHILENOR.

On 21st May, 1881, I saw a female Phz/enor fluttering about a low plant
in the edge of the woods near my house. Apparently it was a vine just out
of the ground—some four or five inches high—and three eggs were laid on
the stem. I sent the plant to Mr. Scudder for determination at the
Botanical Gardens, but he reported that there was not enough of it for that
purpose.

On rst Aug., I saw a femaie coursing over the hill side, alighting on
various species of plants for an instant ; sometimes on clover heads or
other flowers, then flying again in short circuits, touching a leaf here and
there. Perhaps it was ten minutes before she lingered on one plant
longer than usual, though then but for three or four seconds, and I found on
examination three eggs laid on the stem just below the terminal leaf. The
plant was of the same species I had noticed in May, and I dug it up and
planted it in the garden. When at Cincinnati, at the meeting of the
A, A. A. S., I learned from Dr. H. S. Jewett that this must be Aristolochia
serpentaria, a common plant about Dayton, O., and later I received from
him several dried examples of it. I had no idea that this was what is
spoken of by Dr. Boisduval, Lep. Am., as the food plant of Phzlenor, as
it is wholly unlike other species of Aristolochia with which I am familiar,
they being all vines, and this alow herb. Gray describes it as growing
in rich woods, Conn. to Ind., and southward, the stems 8 to 15 inches
high, leaves ovate or oblong from a heart-shaped base. The Virginia-
Snake-root of medicine.

2. Paprnio Macuaon.
During the winter 1880-81 Mr. Mead sent me a large number of chry-
salids of AZachaon, imported by him from Germany, requesting me to turn

pap THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the butterflies loose here as they emerged. The first one was female, out
6th May, when the lilacs were in blossom, and I placed it on the flowers.
Others emerged day by day. On gth, I recorded that I had turned out
40 to 50, but they soon disappeared and were not again seen. I saw
one soon after I had placed it on the lilac, pursued by an Azax as if it
was regarded as an intruder. In all upwards of roo were freed. About
a week after the last butterfly had emerged, I caught a male near the
house on a clover head, and this was the only Machaon I saw during the
summer. I had planted a large quantity of Fennel, thinking the females
might deposit eggs thereon, but diligent search failed to discover any.

3. Effect of Cold Applied to Larve.

1. Diana. In 1873-4, I succeeded in rearing one of these larvee from
the egg to imago, starting with several hundred eggs ; there were losses at
every stage. The duration of each stage was also very great, of 2nd
stage 16 days; of 3rd, 14; of 4th, 17; of 5th, 12 to 5th moult ; from
sth moult to pupation 22 days; of the chrysalis 21; the butterfly
emerging gth June.

In Sept., 1880, I obtained about roo eggs, and as soon as the larvae
hatched, I sent most of them to Prof. Fernald, at Orono, Me., to go inan
ice house. A few I kept myself and tried to carry them through the
winter in a cold room, but by r1th Feb’y, 1881, all had died. Most of
those sent to Orono also died from the ice giving out late in the fall appar-
ently, but in one little paper box were a few larvae (10 or 12) still alive
when I received it, 7th March. From these I raised 4 butterflies, and
could have several more, had I not put one at each larval stage, and one
chrysalis, in alcohol. The stages were in duration as follows, beginning at
Ist moult, or the next one after hibernation :

No. 1. 2nd stage, 1o days. No. 2. 2nd stage, 13 days.
pie) ee Oia OT: iy On
Athy. 5° ie eee Ath: (2)°* Stoo
Bin. Gidea iSiiL das Boe
5th moult to pupation 13 days. 5th moult to pupation 13 days.
In chrysalis 19 days ( f). In chrysalis 19 days ($).
No. 3. 2nd stage, 13 days. No. 4. 2nd stage, 14 days.
ard g. Brava x One
4th iff 5 tobe Aths | sh Ne

5th; © Bar, sth’. “6to7 ss

5th to pupation 14 days.

In chrysalis 21 days ( ? ).
No.

. 2 was 65

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3

5th to pupation to to 11 days,

In chrysalis 19 days (2).
I was 64 days from rst moult to imago.

“é
. 3 was 67
ce

- 4 was 65
Whereas the period of the larva before spoken of (1873-4) was 102 days
from 1st moult toimago. The frozen larvae were healthy at all stages,
and I lost none after 1st moult, except one in chrysalis.

2. CYBELE.

In Sept., ’79, I obtained eggs of Cybele, and 7th Oct., I sent 4o larvae
just hatched to Prof. Fernald, to go on ice. Others I retained, and tried in
the usual way to carry them through the winter, but in Feb’y I found that
these were dead. I received the lot from Orono 3rd March, ’80. These
were nearly 5 months in the sawdust next the ice in house, as Prof. Fer-

nald wrote me.

about, and I transferred them from the boxes to violet.

Two days after they reached me several were moving
The stages were :

No. 1. 2nd stage, 12 days. No. 2. 2nd stage, to days.
3rd 6 4 6c 3rd 66 6 66
Ath. 5 = 4th "Ss ee vite
5th oe 7 ce 5th “ce 4 “ec

5th moult to pupation 9g days.
In chrysalis 16 days.
From rst moult to imago 62 dys.

No. 3. 2nd stage, 8 days.
3rd 6“ 9 “
4th “ce 8 (13
5th “ce 8 “ce

5th moult to pupation 12

In chrysalis 20

Ist moult to imago 5

The first butterfly emerged 12th May ( 2).

Here again, as in the case of Dzana, above related, the periods were

_ all shortened by the freezing the larvae had undergone, and the larvae

were healthier at every stage. In 1874, out of 100 caterpillars of Cyde/e

hatched in fall of ’73, I obtained but 3 chrysalids, and from these 2 but-
terflies. From ist moult to butterfly was 104 days.

94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

In 1874-75, I raised three butterflies, Cydee, starting with 219 eggs by
count, obtained from one female, 5-7 Sept. The 1st moult occurred (in
greenhouse) 13th Feb’y, 1st chrysalis was reached 29th April, and the
butterfly emerged 24th May, the period from 1st moult being 1oo days.
I found the same result in freezing caterpillars from eggs laid by Satvrus
Nephele,as 1 related in Can. Ent., vol. xii. It may be assumed that
freezing through the winter preserves the lives and contributes to
the good health of caterpillars which go into lethargy from the egg, all
the way to the imago.

4. On Transportation of Eggs and Young Larvae.

I have frequently had eggs of butterflies sent me from points 5 to 12
days distance by mail, and except in rare instances, the larvae hatched ex
route have died in consequence of the decay of the leaves (food) sent
with them. Some leaves, being of a dry nature, like Celtis, bear a 6 to
10 days journey from South Florida very well, and usually some larvae
reach me alive. Willow does not bear this journey readily, and I have
lost several lots of larvae of Limenitis Z7os in consequence, though in
two or three cases they have reached me alive. But Passion-vine has
always decayed, even in 5 days. The leaves break loose from tie stem
and get rolled into a nasty rotten ball, destroying everything in the box.
So I have several times lost larvae of H. Charitonia. 1 suggested to Dr.
Wittfeld, who sent these, to tie each leaf of Passion-vine to the stem
before boxing, to prevent their breaking off, and this has seemed to work
better.

On 30th Aug. last, I made an experiment, putting a stem with half a
dozen leaves of Passion-vine into an eight-oz. bottle and corking tight.
This was placed in a dark closet. ‘Temperature without was high, among
the nineties daily. After ten days, I first discovered signs of mould and
decay in the leaves, and then only in the tender terminal ones.

At same time I had bottled in similar manner two leaves of Pawpaw,
on each of which an egg of P. Ayax had been laid that morning. At that
season the eggs of Ayax would hatch in 4 to 5 days. On the gth day, I
observed the first signs of mould, and that on one leaf only. ‘The other
was sound, and two caterpillars were upon it, and both had just cast their |
skins at 2nd moult, the skins being still present. They had hatched about
5 days before, and though corked up and kept in the dark, were appar-
ently as healthy as though all the conditions had been normal.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ye)

I then requested Dr. Wittfeld to bottle leaves of Passion-vine and
mail to me packed in a box, which he did. This was in October, and the
package was to days on the road. ‘Two leaves were rotten and worthless
for food, but still held together, and four leaves were sound.

Therefore, it is plain that in corked bottles, or in air tight tins, eggs
of butterflies can be forwarded from points 8 to 12 days distant, 1. e.,
Florida, Texas, Arizona, California, Oregon, and the larvae from them
will probably reach their destination in good condition.

I received several tin boxes (soda-powder boxes, and not air tight)
from Arizona the past season, from Mr. Doll. Three contained eggs of
two species of Lemonias, viz., Palmeri and WVais. They were sent on
the leaves and stems of Mesquit, on which they had been deposited, and
between layers of cotton wadding. As it happened, the eggs, though out
12 days, were but partly hatched when I got them, and the hatching pro-
ceeded. Had they hatched two or three days earlier, I should have lost
every caterpillar, for the leaves were dry as tinder and unfit for food. I
believe, as the result of several observations, that it is not well to place
the leaves in cotton in any case, as this seems to extract the moisture from
them. Even in so short a journey as from Coalburgh to Philadelphia, 26
to 30 hours, Mrs. Peart has noticed that whenever cotton was in the box
with leaves, the latter had suffered.

Eggs should in no case be sent in wood or in paper boxes, as the
leaves dry up at once, and any larvee will starve. I am very anxious to
receive eggs of any species of butterfly, especially of all Satyrids in Rocky
Mts. to Pacific, including species of Chionobas ; of all Argynnids and
Parnassians ; and if any collectors will send me these, or one or more of
them, corked in glass, or in air tight tin, I will pay liberally for them, or
exchange butterflies for them to any extent. 1 would gladly give twenty
species of butterflies for one lot of eggs which I have hitherto not had.

5 On Irregularity of Number of Moults in Larva of APATURA FLORA.

In Psyche, vol. 3, p. 159, I enumerated the species of butterflies
whose larvee I had bred from the egg, and gave the number of moults of
each. One or two had but three, nearly all had four, and some had five.
When the species is two-brooded, and the larvz of one brood hibernate, they
usually pass five moults, but in the summer brood of the same species

26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

there are four.* In the case of Apatura Ce/tis, at Coalburgh, the species
being two-brooded, there are five moults in the winter brood, four in the
summer. In A. Clyton, which here has but one annual brood, there are
five moults, the larve hibernating. In A. Hora, belonging to same sub-
group with CZyfon, as distinguished from Ce/Zzs, but a Florida species and
double-brooded, I cannot speak as to the number of winter broods, but
in the summer of 1880, I found four moults only. I received eggs from
Indian River in July, and raised nine larvae to imago. But in 1881, I
raised larvae in August, from eggs received from Indian River, and all
passed five moults. Mrs. Peart, who was feeding two of this lot of larvae,
and making drawings of each stage, wrote me 25th Aug. that both had
passed 5th moult, and I had discovered the same thing myself.

In 1880, rst moult, 24th July. In 1881, rst moult, 3rd Aug.
2N ee i 2Othvs oiaa ys: and “ 47-8th “ 4% dys.
BIO) suc see ESL AUG eae ee ard ° | Othe theater
Abhi oo i e- Othe ate ath. <nethi hGimee
Suspended 14th “ 7% “ 5th) . “e4-e5th “9 G36 suk

ee

Suspended 1st Sept., 7%
In 1880, from 3rd moult to suspension was 13 days; in 1881
was 20 days; and the length of this last period would seem to
make an additional moult necessary, but why the stages were so
protracted in 81 and so short in ’80, I cannot guess. The conditions
were similar so far as I know. In ’80, I had 4 males, 6 females from
chrysalis, in *8r both sexes, though I do not appear to have made a note
of the exact number of each. But as all the larvae in one year passed 4
moults, and all in the other 5, the difference was not sexual.

6. The proportion of chrysalids of Papitio Ajax which go into pre-
mature hibernation does not always increase as the season advances.

Mr. Scudder states this as a rule, in “ Butterflies,” p. 172. In 1872,
I related my observations on Ajax, and I say: ‘It will be noticed that a
large percentage of the chrysalids of nearly every brood pass the winter,
the proportion seeming to increase as the broods succeed each other.” Now

* I omitted to state in that paper, that Limenitis Déstppus makes its case in the fall
either after second or third moult. Of 7 larvz in Oct., 1881, 5 went into their cases
after second moult, 2 after third. I have noticed the same thing in former years, but no
larva has passed more than two moults after hibernation. So that this species would
have both 4 and 5 moults in the winter generation.

‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ys

this rule is not absolute. In 1881, from eggs laid by the form Zé/a-
monides, 1 had 26 chrysalids, the last of which formed rgth June. From
these, 4 butterflies only emerged the same season, and the rest of the
chrysalids are now passing the winter. If the rule above set forth held,
the proportions should have been reversed, or 22 butterflies should have
emerged and 4 chrysalids passed the winter.

7. Ajax, Wa.suit and TELAMONIDES.

Mr. Raphael Meldola, in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xii, 1873, made some
remarks on my history of Ajax, But. N. A., v, 1, to which Mr. Scudder
called attention in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xvi, 1874, and this last
paper closed with these words: ‘“ Mr. Edwards had not drawn attention
to the fact that Walshii and Telamonides belonged to the same brood ; the
former consists of earlier, the latter of later individuals from wintering
chrysalids ; the second brood of the species (the first from short-lived
chrysalids) is Marcellus, and made up of the mingled progeny of both
Walshit and Telamonides.”

In the “ Butterflies,” p. 170, Mr. Scudder again refers to this: ‘‘ The
first two ( Wadlshit and Telamonides) do not appear to represent distinct
broods ; and this point, to which Mr. Edwards strangely failed to draw
attention in the first account of his observations, is one of the most extra-
ordinary features in the history of the insect ; for Ze/amonzdes is not the
direct con-seasonal produce of Wadshiz, but both are made up of butter-
flies which have wintered as chrysalids, those which disclose their inmates
earliest producing Wadshii, the others Telamonides ; while all butterflies
produced from eggs of the same season, and there are several successive
broods, belong to AZarcelius.”

The experiments recited in But. N. A. ran through two seasons, 1870,
1871. In the former they began with Telamonides, circumstances making
it impossible for me to begin with Wadshii, the earlier form. During the
following winter nearly all the hibernating chrysalids were destroyed by a
fire which burned my house. But the experiments and observations
enabled me to say in the text, ‘‘ that from Ze/amonides came Marcellus the
same season, and Zé/amonides in the following spring ; that from Marcellus
came successive broods of AZarcellus the same season and from the last
brood Zélamonides in the spring.” Also, ‘‘ these observations failed to
determine the connection between Wadshzi and the other two forms,” and
I therefore set myself at work to ascertain what that might be, by breeding

28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. |

from Walshii as well as the other forms, and continued the experiments
the season through. Now, in Jan., 1872. Part ix of the But. N. A., which
contained Ajax, issued, before the chrysalids which hibernated had given
imagos. But I had discovered enough during the two seasons, and by
outside observations, to enable me to say: ‘The summing up
therefore of this whole series of observations is this: Wadlshit
produces Walshitz, Tdamonides and Marcellus the same season; Téla-
monides produces Marcellus the same season and its own type in the
spring; JAZarcellus produces successive broods of Marcellus the same
season, and occasionally 7elamonides, and the last brood produces Walshiu
and Telamonides in the spring ; and whenever any of the chrysalids of either
brood of Marcellus pass the winter they produce the other two varieties
(forms), and probably sometimes their own type (individual, 1. e., AZa7-
cellus, taken April, 1867). The chrysalids of Wadshi? that pass the winter
of 1871-2 will probably uroduce Watlshit or Telamonides.”

It seems to me that this statement is explicit as to Walshit and Teda-
monides together being the product of one or any lot of eggs laid by
Marcellus 9 the previous year. As to what the chrysalids of Wa/shi or
Telamonides might actually produce I could not then state with
certainty, for the reason given. Since that first account I have
spoken of these forms and their relationships in several papers, and it was
hardly necessary for the author of the “ Butterflies,” ten years later, to
call attention to a strange omission in my first account, even had there
been such an omission, when subsequent observations described by me
made the whole history clear. It certainly was not strange that I did not
state as fact more than I then knew. At all events, what I have not dis-
covered about Ajax no one has discovered, for my observations to this
day are the only ones on record.

NOTE ON CHIONOBAS VARUNA.

BY W. H. EDWARDS.

After the description of this species in the Jan. No. was in type, I
received a letter from Mr. A. G. Butler, to whom I had sent an example,
with request to be informed if it was Zarpeia, spoken of in his Catalogue
of Satyride as being N. American. Mr, Butler writes : ‘‘ Your Chionobas

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29

is very distinct from C. Zargeia ; the latter comes nearer to C. Chryxus,
being quite a fulvous species, with blind ocelli on under surface. The
band of secondaries also is altogether different in outline”; and Mr.
Butler gives me a drawing of the wing and band. His drawing and
description in all points named agree with what Mr. Scudder formerly
described as C, Cadazs, from a single female taken by Mr. Drexler 20
years ago, at Rupert House, Hudson’s Bay, and on carefully comparing
this (which remains unique in my collection) with a series of C. Chryxus
from the Rocky Mts., I see that it is a distinct species, and not Chryxus,
as of late I had assumed.

NOTE ON LIMENITIS URSULA.
BY W. H. EDWARDS.

In my paper on L. Arvthemis and its alleged second brood, in Dec.,
1881, I stated that some caterpillars of L. Ursula did go on to chrysalis
and butterfly late in the year, in Ohio, though others of same lot went into
their hibernacula when half grown; and that I had dissected one female
Ursula which emerged in September last, and could discover no signs of
eggs, or at any rate, there were no formed eggs. Also that I had sent a
second female of same lot to Prof. Minot for examination. I now have
his report, as follows: ‘‘ There were certainly no ripe eggs in the abdo-
men, although there were a great many eggs in an immature condition.” I
stated in the above mentioned paper, that the existence of the species
Ursula did not depend on these late, or September butterflies ; and the
reason is, that the female coming so late, and with immature eggs, the
season would either not allow the eggs to ripen, or if it did, and they were
impregnated, which would be doubtful, it would not allow the larve to
hatch and to reach the hibernating stage. There is not time for all this
before frosts or cold weather. Of course, the same would hold good of
Arthemis, if possibly any females of a second brood should emerge.

ON TWO GENERA OF PHYCID.
BY A. R. GROTE.
I find that unless we use neurational characters to separate the genera

of Phycide, that it will be impossible to classify the species with accuracy.
All characters drawn from the periphery, the appendages of the body, will

30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

be found subject to very gradual modifications, but I do not think we can
afford to reject any of them, because of their relative want of stability.
Indeed the neuration in the Lepidoptera seems to be as useful as in the
Diptera, although there are certain cases (as I long ago pointed out with
regard to Thyridopteryx) where it varies not only in the species, but in
the opposite wings of the same specimen. I think that we must regard as
generically distinct from Pempelia the North American species Pravella,
which has 8, instead of 7 veins to the hind wings (see Bull. U. S. Geol.
Surv. 4, 694). For this species, the structure of which I have quite fully
described, I propose the generic name Aeroptera. also find that our
two species, found in Texas and Colorado, and which probably mine the
Agave, viz., Bollii and Dentata, are distinct from the European types of
Lophodia, to which Prof. Zeller referred Bod/iz, the type of the new genus
Megaphycis. In the structure of the palpi, shape of the wings, greater
size and length of body, our two large species differ strongly.

I have also here to correct a mistake of mine in the use of the term
“ porrect” in this group as applied to the labial palpi (e. g. in Pinipestis ).
I meant by it ascending, whereas it appears that it is equivalent to extended
Jorwards. The term appears inconvenient to use, and perhaps I am not
alone in mistaking its sense.

A NEW APPLE TREE PEST.
BY CHARLES R. DODGE, WASHINGTON, D. C.

As if the apple tree with its sixty or more insect enemies were not
sufficiently afflicted, a distant relative of the Canker-worm has been making
itself so notorious in Georgia, as to give apprehension of the total
destruction of apple orchards in the locality infested. The insect com-
plained of is Zugonia subsignaria Pack., a measuring worm which at times
has been a veritable nuisance upon shade trees in New York and Phila-
delphia.

In pursuance of my duties as a Special Agent of the Census Office (in
the fruit interest), and through subsequent correspondence, the following
facts were obtained from Mr. Adam Davenport, of Fannin County, in the
State named. In his first communication, received some months since, it
is stated that the worm made its appearance upon Rich Mountain, a spur
of the Blue Ridge, about four years ago, attacking forest and fruit trees ;

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ak

and that it had since spread over a large area, doing great damage. Apple
trees in June last were as destitute of leaves as in mid-winter, the fruit
growing to the size of marbles and falling off.

A late communication—with replies to a series of questions—shows
the destruction to be even worse than at first reported. I give Mr. Daven-
port’s own words :

“The insect made its appearance four years ago upon Rich Mountain,
since which time it has been spreading in a northern semicircle at the rate
of about fifteen miles a year. It is by far the most interesting insect that
has plagued this country since the first white settlement. So wonderfully
prolific, that in two years it literally covered every tree, bush and shrub,
and with the exception of a few varieties, stripped them of their leaves.

“The egg hatches about the first of May, and the caterpillar, which is
dark brown, lives about forty days, transforms to a chrysalis, lives in this
state about ten days, and emerges a milk-white miller. For two weeks
before: their first transformation the fall of their excreta, in the woods,
resembles a gentle shower of rain, and from its abundance tinges the
streams a dark green hue. I have seen trees that had been stripped of
their foliage, entirely wrapped up in their silken webs, resembling, when
covered with dew, a wrapping of canvas. ‘They constitute a great feast for
all insectivorous birds and animals ; it is said that even cattle and sheep
eat them with great greed. They have an instinctive way of protecting
themselves by losing their hold upon the limb, at the slightest touch, and
swinging by their web in the air. For this reason they are easily shaken
off into sheets and destroyed ; however, they are so numerous, this
remedy is worth nothing except in keeping them off very small trees.
This instinct is not lost after leaving the caterpillar state, for if a bird
alights upon a tree above the millers, they suddenly drop like a shower of
snow to the ground for protection.”

In the Practical Entomologist, volume 1, page 57, an anonymous
writer gives an account of this insect’s attacks on elms in Philadelphia.
Dr. Packard, in his Monograph of the Geometrid Moths, page 528, men-
tions only elm as a food plant, but Prof. Thomas, in his Second Illinois
Report, page 243, says: ‘“‘I have not noticed them feeding upon that tree,
but have twice found them feeding upon apple, upon the leaves of which
I have reared them to the perfect insect. In neither case were they
numerous.” Prof. Comstock makes brief mention of the insect in his.

on THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

recent report as United States Entomologist, quoting Mr. Davenport, as
above, to the effect that the worms were destroying forests of hickory and
chestnut, and were damaging fruit trees. This statement doubtless refers
to the season of 1880.

The infested district in Georgia is not less than 60 miles long by 40
wide, and embraces Union County on the east, Gilmer on the west, and
Polk County, Tennessee, on the north. ‘They have been injurious two
years, but in the summer of 1881 they were most destructive.

It is stated in the Practical Entomologist that the eggs are deposited
in masses of fifty upon the limbs of the tree. A piece of apple bark
before me presents an irregular patch over three inches long, and 4% to %
nch broad, the eggs closely crowding upon each other. As there are
many hundreds, they have doubtless been deposited by a number of
moths, which attests the truth of Mr. Davenport’s statement regarding
heir falling in showers like snow.

They are deposited for the most part on the under side of the limbs
n the tops of the trees, and not only upon the bark, but the tufts of moss
are covered by clusters of them. The eggs are smooth, dull, irregularly
ovoid, slightly flattened upon the sides, rounded at the bottom, while the
top is depressed, with a whitish rim or edge, forming a perfect oval ring.
Color yellowish brown, resembling brown glue. Length of examples
before me, .o4 inch; width, lying upon the flattened side, .o3 inch ;
thickness, or smallest diameter, .o2 inch. They are deposited in curved
or straight rows of a dozen or more (or less), these lines forming masses
often of many hundreds.

The name, Eugonia subsignaria, is given on the authority of Mr.
Davenport, supported by his descriptions in answer to my questions, as I
have had no means of determining the species. There is no doubt in my
mind, however, of the insect’s identity.

NOTE ON THE GENUS TRIPUDIA AND ON THE SPECIES
OF SPRAGUEIA.
BY A. R. GROTE.

On pages 231 to 238 of the Canapian Enromo.ocisr for 1879, I
gave a list of the species of Spragueia and allied genera. Iam still in
doubt of the position of Afpzcella, from want of material to examine. It
may belong to Ayuva, which can be readily ascertained. The genus 777-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ae

pudia may be identical with Ovibates of Hy. Edwards, described more
recently. I have seen the type of O. Verswtus, and, without being able.to
compare it, it seemed to me identical with my previously published Z7z-
pudia flavofasciata Grote, CAN. ENT., 1877, p. 69: The type of Zripudia
is this species, to which I have joined gwadrifera of Zeller, from Texas, as
a second. Whether the orange species Miiriz and “imbatus belong here
can be ascertained by proper dissections, which should be undertaken as
soon as possible.

The species of Spragucia have received two interesting additions since
the publication of the List. The first of these is Pardalis, collected in
Florida by Mr. Thaxter. It is allied to dama by the orange fringe of pri-
maries interrupted with dark opposite the cell. The costal spots are
smaller and pale ; the wing is blacker and there is a pale costal spot at
base, wanting in its ally.

The second species is Funeralis from Arizona, collected by Mr. Doll.
It is of a peculiar silky dark leaden hue, with concolorous fringes. A
large pale spot outside the t. p. line on costa. Two pale bands enclosing
orange lines and swelling into wider spots at costa, where the outer band
encloses a dark streak. The species are similarly sized and are very
interesting from their brightly marked and narrow primaries. While
recalling the European Zvotyla sulphuralis in ornamentation, they are
structurally distinct, as I have shown (I. c.). Our North American
species are now as follows :

SPRAGUEIA Grote.

onagrus Guen. Fla. dama Guen. Ala., Tex.
Type Zeo Guen. Ala. pardalis Grote. Fla,

plumbijimbriata Grote. Tex. guitata Grote. Tex.

Juneratis Grote. Arizona. tortricina Zell. Tex.

? apicella Grote. Ala., Tex.
= truncatula Zell.

A-NEW SPECIES OF ICTHYURA.
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.
IcrHYURA PALLA, Nn. sp.
Length of body, including anal tuft, .56 of an inch. Expanse 1.10

inches. General color of body and primaries pale gray, the latter rather
sparsely sprinkled with dark brown scales. Palpi brown above, scarcely

34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

projecting beyond the head, third joint concealed by the hairs of the
others. Front slightly brownish, a tuft of pale gray scales at the base of
each antenna, the usual deep brown mark from between the antennz to
the top of the thoracic crest. Primaries with the usual] transverse lines
almost white. ‘The basal line makes a bend outward on the median vein;
from this it goes in a straight course to the submedian vein ; from this to
the posterior or inner margin it curves a little outward. A second line
extends from the costa about one-fourth of the distance from the base
obliquely to the posterior margin, near the posterior angle. A third line
passes straight across the wing from the posterior margin to the second, a
little below the median vein. The fourth begins as a white spot on the
costa a little more than two-thirds of the distance from the base, and joins
the second on the posterior margin, making the usual ‘“‘ V” as in the
allied species. ‘The fourth line is slightly S-shaped in its costal third.
Outside the fourth line is a subterminal, somewhat zigzag row of black
spots, some of which are often faint or obsolete. In the discal cell there
is usually a faint oblique line that seems to be a continuation of the third
line, though it does not reach the costa, and the end of the cell sometimes
appears like a short line. There are three oblique shades of brownish
olive more or less distinct, that cross the wing parallel to the second line ;
the first, beginning on the costa inside the basal line, faintly borders that
line to the submedian vein. and is seen below that vein on the third line ;
the second outside the second line through its whole course, is darkest
next the line; the third from both sides of the fourth line to the middle
of the outer border, faint, except along the line. Just outside the S-part
of the fourth line are three grayish-yellow spots with a few reddish-brown
scales. | Secondaries pale smoky gray with a faint whitish line from the
fourth of the primaries (as the wings are spread) to the anal angle.
Under side, the primaries are about the color of the secondaries above,

pale along the costa and terminally, the secondaries paler with a dark
transverse line.

Cc

Described from 2 ¢ and 3 Q, all reared specimens.

Larva.—Length 1.25 inch when crawling, body nearly cylindrical, two
black tubercles, close together, on the top of joints 3 and 11. On the
dorsum are four bright but narrow yellow lines alternating with narrow
black ones. ‘The stigmatal line black ; above this, or the subdorsal space,
an uregular alternation of black and white. Below the stigmata a narrow

©9
Cn

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

yellow line ; below this, or the substigmatal space, the body is flesh color.
Head shining black. There are a few gray hairs scattered over the body.

These larvee were found feeding on willows through the most of Sep-
tember, resting in an enclosure formed of several leaves fastened together
at the ends of twigs, but I did not find more than half a dozen in a nest.
Those put in breeding cages pupated before the middle of October, mostly
in the corners of the boxes. The first hatched April 22, 1881, the last
May 8. I took one fresh specimen that had flown to light May 28.

This form is related to Zzc/usa Hub. and Ornata G. & R., more nearly
to the latter in size and coloration, but differs from both in several par-
ticulars. Besides size and color, it differs from /uclusa in the coloring
of its larva. It differs from Ornata in the color of the scales sprinkled
over the primaries, the color of the spots outside the fourth line, and the
continuance of that line, as it is not here partially obsolete opposite the
disc, as well as in some other points. | The apices are no more produced
than in Zzc/usa, nor is the costa more bent.

ON THE CHALCIDIDA OF FLORIDA.

(Paper No. 2.)

BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLA.

Genus EupetMus, Dalman.

Prof. Westwood, in his Generic Synopsis, characterizes this genus as
follows: ‘‘ Antennz 13-jointed, clavate, third and fourth joints minute ;
club ovate ; thorax long-ovate ; collar moderate ; thorax depressed in the
middle ; abdomen long-ovate ; ovifositor exserted, wings with stigmal
branch distant from the union of the subcostal nerve and the costa.”

In view of the recent controversy between Prof. Riley and Mr.
Howard, in regard to this genus and the genus Antigaster of Walsh, I
deem it advisable to publish the above from Westwood, verbatim et
fiteratum. Just beginning my entomological studies, I do not pretend to
take issue with either of these gentlemen, but merely desire to draw their
attention to the ovifositor in this genus, which both seem to have entirely
overlooked, and which, according to above description, is exse7 ted.

Now, I have bred a great many specimens of Antigaster mirabilis from
eggs of Microcentris retinervis, and neither this species nor those recently

36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

described by Mr. Howard, have exserted ovipositors. Does this not throw
some light on their generic position ?

I describe below two new species belonging to Ezpelmus genus, if
Westwood’s definition of it be correct. I must acknowledge, however,
that the antennz, wings and formation of thorax strikingly resemble
Antigaster. ‘The exserted ovipositor would, however, easily distinguish
them.

EUPELMUS ROSA, Nn. sp.

2. Length .10 inch ; ovipositor .o2 inch. Head wider than thorax,
greenish-golden, finely transversely punctate and with slight purplish
reflections ; front purplish, with metallic reflections, beneath eyes greenish
and with the punctures converging towards mouth; eyes purplish ;
antenne 1o-jointed, clavate, scape metallic green to near tip, flagellum
black, joints 6 to g shorter than the rest and about equal in length ; thorax
long ovate, collare short, corners bulging, praescutellum depressed,
depression extending from corners of collare and converging and uniting
towards scutellum, greenish golden, finely transversely punctate and with
purplish reflections; the triangular pieces back of praescutellum are
greenish with edges well rounded ; scutellum highly convex, longer than
broad, greenish with posterior half purplish ; the side piece is one elongate
convex surface extending from before the insertion of the wing to hind
cox, purplish, with greenish metallic reflections ; wings hyaline, irides-
cent, with yellowish veins; the subcostal joins the costa at less than
one-third the length of wing, the vein then extending to more than two-
thirds, with a thin stigma near tip ; hind wings strongly iridescent ; abdo-
men long-ovate, slightly depressed, purplish black, with slight cupreous
and metallic green reflections ; ovipositor black, annulated with yellow in
the middle ; legs—coxe black, trochanters yellowish, fore and middle
femora and tibiz yellowish, the middle pair slightly dusky in the middle ;
all tarsi, except at tip, white ; posterior femora and tibiae, excepting at
knees and tip, which are yellowish, black ; a short tarsal spur ; tarsi
white, brownish towards tip, basal tarsal joint of middle pair of legs
slightly widened.

Described June 17th, from one female specimen bred from Cynipidous
rose-gall, Rhodites r. ducide (Ashmead MS.). A gall found on a wild rose
bush growing along the borders of our rivers and swamps.

EUPELMUS CYNIPIDIS, nN. sp.

@. Length .15 inch ; ovipositor .o5 inch, Head slightly wider than

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, ot

thorax, greenish golden, with the surface crackled and sparsely covered
with short fine hair; eyes brownish purple ; antennae ro-jointed, black ;
thorax elongate ovate, greenish brassy with a slightly elevated, golden,
finely transversely punctate shield in centre, extending from collare to
two-thirds length of praescutellum, with the posterior end rounded, a
depression on either side running squarely off posteriorly perfectly smooth
and shining ; the scutellum small and convex, with the triangular praescu-
tellar pieces, almost joining, so closely do they press against it ; it is brassy
but ends posteriorly in a small, flattened, triangular point ; abdomen
purplish black, flattened above, keeled below ; ovipositor at base for one-
fifth the length purplish black, balance reddish brown ; wings hyaline,
veins yellowish to juncture of subcostal with costa, balance brown, a large
smoky brown blotch extending across the entire wing from one-fourth the
length to near the tip of the wing; legs uniform reddish brown.

Described from one female bred specimen, bred May 2nd, from
Cynipidous live-oak gall, Cyzips g. batatordes Ashmead,

Genus CoccopHaGcus, Westwood.

CocCOPHAGUS ANNULIPES, Nn. sp.

@. Length .o4 inch. Vertex of head red, ocelli black and triangu-
larly arranged ; eyes greenish, face and around mouth parts green, mandi-
bles tipped with black; antennz 9-jointed, clavate, scape somewhat
widened, black, 2nd joint larger than 3rd and 4th, basal half black, apical
half greenish yellow, joints 3 and 4 small, red, others gradually widening
to club, greenish yellow, club large and black ; thorax longer than abdo-
men, collare very narrow, greyish or greenish ; mesothorax red, praescu-
tellum transverse, occupying the whole dorsum ; scutellum very large and
triangular, the base being as broad as the praescutellum, both sparsely
covered with short whitish hairs; beneath, the surface, with the coxe,
femora and tibiz are the color of milky water, tibiae annulated with two
black bands, tarsi yellowish, ungues black ; abdomen obtusely pointed,
blackish above, greyish and with an ovipositor-groove beneath ; from a
stigma on each side issue three long black hairs; wings hyaline, closely
covered with short hairs, veins yellowish.

This unique little species was bred from a large brown Coccid scale
(Lecanium sp.) occurring on Quercus aquatica, and the description is made
from two female specimens, which hatched April 17th.

38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

CORRESPONDENCE.

EXPERIMENTS WITH YEAST IN DESTROYING INSECTS.

We are indebted to Dr. H. A. Hagen, of Cambridge, for the following
letter and the subsequent remarks on this interesting subject :

Kingsworth, Ashford, Kent, Dec. 27, 1881.
DEAR SIR,—

I beg to thank you very much for your letter, dated Nov., 1880,
respecting the application of yeast for destroying insect pests. During the
past season I have endeavored to follow the instructions contained
therein, and as you express a wish to hear of my success or failure, I will
attempt to describe my experiments as clearly as possible. As soon as
Aphides became noticeable, I procured some German compressed yeast,
dissolved an ounce in a little warm water, added a little coarse sugar, and
set it to ferment. In about 24 hours I added sufficient water to make up
a gallon, and with this syringed a cherry tree attacked by black Aphides.
This was on the 16th of June. Four days later I found the tree almost
clear of living Aphides, though their dead bodies, or cast skins (I could
not ascertain which, although I asked the assistance of an entomological
friend) smothered many of the leaves. One remarkable point in this
experiment was that a small branch of the tree, loaded with Aphides, hung
over a window, and at the request of my wife, I abstained from syringing
it. Here the insects remained perfectly healthy, and after a few days were
seen to work down the tree and attack the young shoots that had been
washed clean. On June 29th I again dressed the tree, and this time
destroyed or drove away every Aphide. 1 may add that the larvae of
several Aphidivorous insects were present on the tree, and did not appear
greatly affected by the application. Encouraged by the apparent success
attending the application, I commenced operations, June 20, on a second
cherry tree. This, however, was heavily leafed, and I could not make so
much impression, but they evidently did not like the dressing, for they
disappeared entirely soon after the second application. I also tried the
yeast for Aphides on Guelder Rose (Viburnum), Elder (Sambucus), Field
Bean, and some other plants ; also for Currant Grub, but could make no
decided mark anywhere. With respect to the Currant and Gooseberry
Grubs, the liquid ran from off their bodies clean, and I found it almost
impossibie to saturate them with it. If the syringing was persisted in, they

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 39

would release their hold and fall to the ground, but very shortly crawl up
again. To conclude, I was delighted with the apparent success of my
first experiment, but all subsequent trials were so discouraging that I fear
yeast is too uncertain in its action to supersede many of the washes we
have already in use. Again thanking you for your kind letter, I beg to
subscribe myself, sir, Yours most respectfully,
TuHos. H. Hart.
To Dr. H. A. Hagen, Cambridge, Mass., U.S. A.

This interesting letter by Mr. Thos. H. Hart, who owns nurseries and
greenhouses, allows the following conclusions :

I. It is doubtless true that in the experiments of June 16 and 20, the
Aphides were killed, as upon the branch not syringed they remained in
perfect health.

II. It is doubtless true that the later experiments were a failure.

Ill. It seems evident that the yeast has not contained Isaria, or.other
fungi obnoxious to insects, to which the first success could be ascribed ;
otherwise the later application of the same fluid ought to have had the ©
same effect, or even by the multiplication of the fungi, a more marked
effect.

Experiments made in Germany and here had exactly the same result,
first success, later failure. In Germany it was made on a jasmine, in a
flower pot, and the previously rather sick plant was in 1881 in good health
and perfectly freé of Aphides. Some currant shrubs on the left side of
my house were entirely free through the whole year (without fall gener-
ation) after the experiment, though similar shrubs on the right side of my
house were badly infested with currant worms ; I had here purposely not
applied yeast. After all I believe it can be concluded that a certain stage
of the yeast solution is needed to make it effective, and that after this
stage 1t becomes indifferent. That yeast solution has killed insects seems
to be undoubtedly proved, and it remains only to find out the stage in
which its application is successful. It is sure that success, even in a very
small number of experiments, cannot be annihilated by failure in other
experiments. H. A. HaceEn.

—_—_——

PIERIS RAP IN NEBRASKA.
DEAR SIR,—

I am sorry to note the appearance of P. rape in Nebraska. August
3rd, 1881, I first saw a living specimen ; needless to add that it was busily

tO THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

engaged in a cabbage patch. Others soon appeared, and before cold
weather set in it had become quite abundant and larve in an advanced
stage of growth were found in November. Probably the butterfly crossed
the Missouri in the summer of 1880. We are here thirty-five miles west
of the river, a distance that could hardly have been traversed in one
season. It also appears that the cabbage crop has been almost totally
destroyed in the eastern part of Dodge County and farther east, while
here a partial crop has been secured notwithstanding the visit of the
imported pest, supplemented by an unusual abundance of the Cabbage
Plusia. August 1st, 1873, when I left my former home in Bureau County,
Illinois, ape had not yet reached that place ; therefore in less than eight
years its westward progress upon this parallel has taken it across the State
of Iowa and the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers.

The question naturally arises—Will the insect stop short when it
reaches the grassy plains of Western Nebraska, or will it press onward to
the cabbage gardens of Utah and the Western slope? By the aid of man
it might soon cross the plains, even if it subsisted wholly upon cabbages ;
but being not averse to other cruciferous plants, it will find its way made
easy. A mustard-like plant of this family with pink flowers grows along
the embankment of the Union Pacific Railway, nearly if not quite
throughout the whole distance from Omaha to Ogden. At Ogden Junc-
tion it is the most abundant of wild plants. If this plant furnishes a
suitable food, P. rape will have little difficulty in surmounting all obstacles
that bar its progress toward the valley of the Salt Take.

G. M. DonceE.
Glencoe, Dodge County, Nebraska.

ExcuanceEs.—I would like very much to effect some exchanges with
Entomologists in Canada in Lepidoptera. I have a great quantity of good
material in duplicate from our Adirondack region, from the South and
West, and from Europe. W. W. Hitt, Albany, N. Y.

Donation.—We desire to return our sincere thanks to Prof. J. T.
Bell, of Belleville, who has kindly sent to our Society a number of very
interesting mounted microscopic objects, including Polycistina and Dia-
tomacea from Vancouver Island—a most useful addition to the cabinet of
objects in our rooms.

Che Camadtan Entomologist.

VOL. XIV. LONDON, ONT., MARCH, 1882. No. 3

ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS.

THE POLVPHEMUS MOTH—Telea Polyphemus.

BY THE EDITOR.

The caterpillar of this insect is also known as the American Silk
Worm, in consequence of its having been extensively reared for the sake
of its silk. When full grown the larva presents the appearance shown in

figure 4, is over three inches in Jength, with a very thick body. It is of a
handsome light yellowish-green color, with seven oblique pale yellowish
lines on each side of the body; the segments, which have the spaces
between them deeply indented, are each adorned with six tubercles, which
are sometimes tinted with orange and have a small silvery spot on the
middle, and from each one of which arise a few hairs. The head and
anterior feet are pale brown, the spiracles pale orange, and the terminal

42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS1.

segment bordered by an angular band resembling the letter V, of a pur-
plish-brown color.

When mature the caterpillar proceeds to spin its cocoon within an
enclosure usually made by drawing together some of the leaves of the
tree it has fed upon, some of which are firmly fastened to the exterior of
the structure. The cocoon, fig.
5, is a tough pod-like structure,
nearly oval in form and of a
brownish-white color, and within
it the larva changes to an oval
chrysalis of a chestnut brown
color, represented in fig. 6.

Fig. 5.
Usually the cocoons drop to the ground with the fall of the leaves, and
in this state the insect passes the winter.

Late in May or early in June the prisoner bursts its prison house, when
there is revealed a large and most beautiful moth, the male of which is
well shown in fig. 8, p. 44, the female in fig. 9, p. 45. The antenne are
feathered in both sexes, but more widely so in the male than in the female.
The wings, which measure when expanded from five to six inches across,
are of a rich buff or ochre yellow color, sometimes inclining to pale grey
or cream color, and sometimes assuming a deeper, almost brown color.
Towards the base of the wings they are crossed by an irregular pale white
band, margined with red ; towards the outer margin is a stripe of pale
purplish white, bordered within by one of deep, rich brown. - Near the
middle of each wing is a transparent eye-like spot, with a slender line
across the centre ; those on the front wings are largest, nearly round,
margined with yellow, and edged outside
with black. On the hinder wings the spots
are more eye-like in shape, are margined
with yellow, with a line of black edged with
blue above, and the whole set in a large oval
patch of rich brownish-black, the widest
portion of the patch being above the eye-
spot, where also it is sprinkled with bluish atoms. The front edge of the
fore wings is grey.

This lovely creature flies only at night, and when on the wing is of
such a size that it is often mistaken in the dusk for a bat. Within a few

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45

days the female deposits her eggs, glueing them singly to the under side
of the leaves, usually one only on a leaf, but occasionally two or even
three may be found on the same leaf.

The egg is about one-tenth of an inch in diameter, slightly convex
above and below, the convex portions whitish, and the nearly cylindrical
sides brown. Each female will lay from two to three hundred eggs, which
hatch in ten or twelve days.

This insect is subject to the attack of many foes, particularly while in
the larval state. A large number fall a prey to insectivorous birds, and
they also have insect enemies. A large ichneumon fly, Ophion macrurum,
see fig. 7, is a special and dangerous foe. This active creature may often
be seen in summer on the wing, searching among the leaves of shrubs
and trees for her prey. When found she watches her opportunity, and
places quickly upon the skin of her
victim a small, oval, white egg,
securely fastened by a small quan-
tity’ of a glutinous substance at-
tached to it. This is repeated until
eight or ten eggs are placed, which
in a few days hatch, when the tiny
Worms pierce through the skin of
the caterpillar and begin to feed on
the fatty portions within. The
Polyphemus caterpillar continues to
feed and grow, and usually lives
long enough to make its cocoon,
when, consumed by the parasites, it
dies ; in the meantime the ichneumons having completed their growth,
change to chrysalids within the cocoon, and in the following summer in
place of the handsome moth there issues a crop of ichneumon flies. It
is also subject to the attacks of another parasite, a tachina fly. Should
the insect ever appear in sufficient numbers to prove troublesome, it can
be readily subdued by hand-picking. This larva feeds on a variety of
trees and shrubs, such as plum, oak, hickory, elm, basswood, walnut,
maple, butternut, hazel, rose, &c.

As this moth has been found to be easily propagated, extensive experi-

44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ments have been tried with the view of producing silk for commercial
purposes from the cocoons. ‘The silk is rather coarser than that of the

Fig 8.

common silk worm, Bombyx mori, has a continuous thread, and can be
readily unwound. A measure o/ success has attended these efforts, but

45

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

not sufficient, it sppears, to secure their continuance, and we know of no
one now raising these larvee for the purpose of obtaining silk for com-

“6 “S1q

The insect has also been introduced into France with a similar

merce.
object, but with what success we have not learned.

46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

EUROPEAN WRITERS ON NORTH AMERICAN MOTHS.
BY A. R. GROTE.

For more than twenty years I have been endeavoring to complete the
synonymy of our moths, and to find out what species were covered by
Walker’s and Gueneé’s descriptions. During this time I have made three
trips to Europe, with this object more or less directly in view. Com-
paratively few of M. Gueneé’s species remain unknown to me; and as
many of these were collected by Doubleday, the types will probably be
found in the British Museum. Mr. Gueneé’s descriptions of species are
good, and among the best extant, but he does not give structural char-
acters. The microscope was not used by him. His genera contained
incongruous material. When he had a species that he did not know what
to do with, instead of making a new genus for it, which would have
assisted the identification of the species, he often made a group of it,
under a genus to which it was opposed in every structural feature—and
the species in this way was readily over-looked. As, for instance, Leucania
Littera.

Mr. Walker’s descriptions are entirely misleading, because his types
prove that he made no serious study at all of the matter. No system
whatever has been followed by him in locating his material; not even
casual resemblance has been used as a guide. In my last work on the
LNNVoctuide, written in London, and with Mr. Walker’s collection before me,
I became satisfied that it would take over a year’s steady work, glass in
hand, to settle all the questions raised by his determinations. Not only
have his types to be gone over with his descriptions, but his identifications
of Gueneé’s species have to be compared with that author’s writings.
Although in Gueneé’s genera, such as Hadena, Leucania, Aplecta, Mam-
estra, species with naked or hairy eyes, spined or unspined legs, etc., are
thrown indiscriminately together, yet some sort of system, i. e., casual
resemblance, and often a knowledge of the larva, ‘has been recognized in
his work. All this is wanting in Mr. Walker’s work; the specimens
appear to have been described just as they came along. The genus
Bryophila is not very hard to recognize ; the species are slender bodied
with flattened scales on the thorax; yet Mr. Walker describes three
American species under this genus all different generically, and none
belonging to Bryophila. Species belonging to Agrotis are described by
him, up and down all over the family under all sorts of genera. Some of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47

his types are in very bad condition ; and sometimes the condition of the
specimen is taken as a specific character. ‘The same species is described
in the same drawer several times over. It is absolutely impossible to find
out what principle has guided Mr. Walker in his work. If the species
had been sorted out just as they came along, and then described, I do
not sincerely think the effect would have been much worse ; provided the
material had previously been sorted into families. And yet, even here,
there are a large number of mistakes. ‘There are plenty of Bombycide
and Woctuide among his Geometride. For twenty-five years Mr. Walker's
work has been a real obstacle in the way of American Entomologists.
Through my different visits a certain number of his species have been
made known ; but it is impossible for a private person, with my means, to
finish this work. Every day that the British Museum allows Mr. Walker’s
work, which it published and paid for, to remain uncorrected, it continues
to inflict as much injury upon the progress of this branch of science as it
is possible to do.

I take this opportunity to thank Mr. Butler for his very kind and wel-
come assistance in the preparation of my Essay on the North American
Noctuidz, which is being printed in London. °

NOTE ON CATOCALA WALSHII.

BY A. R. GROTE.

After a comparison of my types with Mr. Walker’s, Mr. A. G. Butler
writes me that Walshii Zazw., as taken by Prof. Snow in Kansas, is the
same as ‘Functura of Walker. The form which has been taken about
Albany and which is exactly like Unzjuga, but differs by the band being a
little narrower on hind wings and not quite so continuous, is an unnamed
variety of Undjuga. It follows, from this that my Arizone is certainly not
Walshit, as suggested by certain parties. | Mr. Neumoegen has received
it in quantity from Arizona. The form taken by Belfrage in Texas, and
distributed as Wadshiz, may be the same as Arizone, and should be care-
fully compared with Arizonian specimens. In any case it becomes now
additionally probable that my suggestion that Asfasza is a re-description
of Arizon@ is correct, and if any one will take the trouble to compare the
descriptions the reasonableness of my suggestion will become apparent.
On account of the pinkish or red hind wings and the brown primaries,
both species were naturally compared with amatrix. The amount of
variation in color of hind wings in this genus is not yet ascertained.

48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ON SOME CHALCIDID.
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

In the January number of the Canapran Enromotocist I described
two new species of this interesting family under the names of /sosoma
Allynit and L. Elymi. Professor C. V. Riley, to whom a pair of the first
were sent, writes me that they belong to the genus Hwpel/mus instead of
Lsosoma. From a re-examination of my specimens I think he is correct,
and the species will be known as Lufelmus Allynii, instead of as first
described. They have 11 joints to the antenne, and the prothorax short.

Since writing the descriptions above referred to I have had a number
of wingless insects hatch from my wheat straws, and it is now evident that
the description of chrysalids, and perhaps larvee, as given under Jsosoma
Allynit, can not apply to that species, but to these wingless specimens. In
a recent letter Professor Riley states that he has bred wingless specimens
of an /sosoma from wheat received from Kentucky, and it is probable
these are the same. I am inclined to think they belong to /sosoma Elymi
that I obtained from the stalk of A/ymus Canadensis, though it will be
difficult to say positively without more specimens of Z/ymi or winged
specimens of the other. The wingless ones are from .1o0 to .11 of an inch
long, inclusive of ovipositor, while the winged A/ym7z I have is .o7 of an
inch. Premature development might account for the difference. They
agree in the following points. Both have 9-jointed antennz with whorls
of hairs at the base of the joints, the antennz black except the base,
which is fulvous, the darkest in the winged specimen. The legs have the
femurs and tibize fuscous, the joints fulvous, the feet, all but the terminal
joint, brownish yellow. Abdomen jet black, the ovipositor and hairs
brownish, the hairs arranged chiefly at the sutures of the joints. Head
and thorax dull or brownish black, coarsely punctured, the eyes piceous, a
fulvous spot on dorsum and sides of the prothorax and similar marks
under the thorax. Where there are light markings those on the wingless
specimens are a little paler than the corresponding ones on the winged
specimen from which my description of / #lymi was taken.

On the other hand, I have now (Feb. g) larve inside stalks of Elymus

Canadensis. Will they produce / Elymi or something else? Rearing
them to the imago will alone tell, and that may help to settle the other °

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 49

question. I may say in conclusion that I have bred a specimen of Hupel-
mus Allynit from a gall that was probably made by /sosoma Forder, hence
there is a probability that the specimens I bred from the wheat stalks were

parasitic on the larva of our wingless /sosoma.

NOTES ON CERTAIN BUTTERFLIES, THEIR HABITS, ETC.

Wor 2:

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W.’ VA.

8. On Young Caterpillars Eating their Egg Shells.

Mr. Scudder, Butterflies, p. ror, says, after describing the way in which
the caterpillar eats out of the egg: “ The taste he has gained of egg-shell
seems to allure him ; for, strange as it may seem, although placed by the
provident parent within immediate reach of choice and succulent food, 4e
will not taste tt until he has devoured the last remnant of his prison-walls.
Strange food this for a new born babe! ‘The act, however, is plainly a
provision of nature by which the tender animal is rid of a sure token to
his enemies of his immediate proximity.” Surely here is an error in fact,
and a wrong conclusicn whatever the fact may be. I read the above
statement on the 25th July last, and at once went to my garden to search
for eggs of Libythea Bachmannt, on Hackberry leaves. The young’
caterpillars of this species are green, of a shade so near that of the leaves
they feed on, that it is very difficult to discover them. Even where the
tip of the leaf has been eaten, and their presence is suspected, it is easy
to overlook them. I found at once three eggs and one young caterpillar.
The egg from which this caterpillar had come was present at the base of
the leaf on the extreme tip of which the little creature rested. A hole
was in its side near the top, and no more had been eaten than just enough
to permit egress. Repeatedly, in the next succeeding days, I found egg-
shells of Bachmanni, each with an opening like that described, and
usually, on the leaf above was the caterpillar. So that here is one species
which does not devour the last remnant of its prison-walls—perhaps no
part thereof. And instead of ridding itself of a sure token of its presence
to its enemies, quite the contrary happens, for the empty shell left at the

5O THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

base of the leaf is a token by which an enemy, or a good friend in the
form of an industrious naturalist, may find it.

The fact is, so far as my observation goes, and besides what I had
noticed in a general way for years, I paid particular attention to this matter
of eating the egg shells for the rest of last season, caterpillars very rarely
eat up the shell so completely that one cannot discover some remains of
it. Papilio A7ax usually leaves that part which is cemented to the leaf.
The Graptas nibble about the tops.a little, but leave the greater part of the
shell. Lycaena Pseudargiolus eats its way out at the depressed summit,
and sometimes eats a little of the upper part of the shell. I had two
score eggs of two species of Lemonias, viz., Palmer7 and Wazs, which came
last summer from Arizona, giving caterpillars after they reached me. In
every case the egress was by a round hole bitten out of the top, as in
Lycaena (the eggs much resembling Lycaena in shape), and the caterpillar
could scarcely squeeze through, so small was it. Not a bite from the
shell was taken afterward.

As to why caterpillars eat their egg-shells at all, an eminent authority
writes : “It is to save the labor of building up new chitine, that substance
being here at hand in the shell.”

g. On the Appearance of Albinic Females of CoLiAs PHILODICE.

Mr. Scudder, in same work, page 183, says: “ It is a curious fact that
these pale females never appear in the early spring brood, and increase
in proportion as the season advances. ‘This is in harmonious contrast
with the occurrence of a melanic male in the spring brood of Lycaena
Pseudargiolus ; when we consider that albinism is a northern, melanism 2
southern peculiarity, we should anticipate albinism in the cool, melanism
in the hot season.”

In Butterflies N. A., vol. 2, text of Colias Eurytheme, I speak of
albinic females of that species: ‘‘ Albinic females appear in every brood,
as in Philodice. In that species ( Phzlodice) these females are as common
in the early spring brood as in any of the later ones ; and judging by the
number of albinos received by me from many quarters, the same is true
of Lurytheme.’ In case of Hurytheme, the distinction between the spring
form (Aviadne) and the later forms (Keewaydin and Eurytheme) is so
marked, that an albino specimen received can be allotted to one or the
other with certainty. There is not such distinctness between the early
and late broods of Phzlodice, and my statement on the occurrence of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 51

albinic females in spring was based, not on dried specimens, but on per-
sonal observation. Such females are seen by me here, at Coalburgh,
every spring. I took one in my net early in 1881, thinking before I struck
it that it was a large P. Ragae, and same day I saw another. In my note
book I recorded, 1874, 8th May, that I took an albino female PAzlodice.
But as it might be said that albinos were to be expected at the south, but
still were not to be found at the north, I wrote Mr. Lintner for such
information as he could give on the matter. He replied, 27th July, 1881:
“JT was at Albany yesterday and a friend showed me a beautiful white
female Philodice taken near Centre, on May 15th. ‘On 2oth June, he took
six more.” So that albinic females do appear in the early spring brood, in
New York as well as in West Virginia, and the foregoing generalization is
erroneous.

1o. Upon Certain Alleged Peculiarities in the History of Satyrus
ALOPE.

Mr, Scudder says, 1. c., page 132, it “ first appears on the wing in the
early half of July. . . . The females live a long while before deposit-
ing a single egg ; the earliest record I have of this event is the 22nd of
August, or from jive to six weeks after the first appearance of females ; they
continue to lay eggs until the end of the first week in September ; and in
keeping with the indolence of the females is the duration of the egg state—
from 3 to 4 weeks, a period longer than in any butterfly known to me
where the eggs hatch at all the same season. ‘The earliest caterpillars
therefore appear by the middle of September,” etc. I spent some time at
Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., in July, 1877, at Oak Bluffs, and on the grassy
plains back of the town I searched daily for butterflies. The first A/ope
seen were 2 males, and they were just from chrysalis, 23rd July. On
26th, the first female was seen, and I took 12 f,:1 ¢. I then left the
Vineyard and Mr. Mead came there just at that time, and set to work to
obtain eggs of Alofe for me. On 1oth Aug., or 15 days after the first
female had been seen by me, he began to shut up females in a bag over a
plant of grass in a tin can, and 22nd Aug., at Coalburgh, I received from
him 125 eggs, laid prior to Aug. 18th. These began to hatch 27th Aug.,
or 17 days after the first female was enclosed. ‘This certainly is not a long
period for the egg as compared with some other butterflies, especially the
large species of Argynnis. The period of A. Cydele I have found to run
from 12 to 24 days; of A. Diana 15 to 26; A. dala, 25; A. Alestis, 27

52 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and 29 days. On the other hand, I have had eggs of A/ofe and LVephele
from several localities, and the periods of this stage have run from 14 to
28 days. It depends much on the weather how long the egg period shall
be, whether it be a Satyrus or Argynnis egg, and it is hardly right to
charge the females of A/ofe with special indolence of habit. Their eggs
are laid, so far as my observation goes, as soon after emergence of the
female from chrysalis, as are the eggs of the larger Argynnids, and hatch
as speedily.

tr. On Eggs of THECLA CALANUS.

It is stated, |. c., page 128, that the eggs of Calanus ‘‘ are laid towards
end of July and early in August; these eggs remain unhatched until the
following spring, when the caterpillar emerges, feeds on oak leaves,
changes to chrysalis in June and July, and after a fortnight the butterflies
of the new year appear.” I should much like to see evidence to support
this statement. Mr. Saunders, at London, Canada, Can. Ent., vol. 1, p.
57, says of this species, which he calls by its synonym T. zzorata G. & R.
(= T. Falacer B. & L.): “ About the middle of July, 1868, two eggs were
deposited on the sides of a pill box. This box was overlooked for several
days, and when examined again, the larvee were found to have escaped and
dried up for want of food.”

Mr. C. E. Worthington, at Chicago, writes me: ‘“ I took examples of
Calanus the last days of June, and confined on a branch of oak. The
eggs were laid, and hatched during the first week in July, and the larve
died a few days after. Cua/anus is our commonest species. My memor-
anda of captures are June, July, September.”

It is certain then that Ca/anus eggs laid in June and July hatch in a
few days, in Canada and Illinois, and that in the latter the species is
double-brooded. If eggs are laid in September, they may possibly hiber-
nate, or the caterpillars may, or the chrysalis, and to this date apparently
no one knows which of these stages hibernates. | My opinion is that it is
the chrysalis, as with other American species of this genus.

12. On the, Number of Larval Segments,

Authors have recognized 13 segments, counting the head as one (vide
Burmeister, Westwood, &c.) Mr. Scudder, page 17, says: “The body,
or the portion of the caterpillar /ying back of the head, is composed of
thirteen segments.” | find no explanation of this thirteenth segment, nor

a et et

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 53

directions where to look for it. It does not appear to be visible. ‘Twelve
after the head are distinctly seen in all the large lepidopterous larve, and
any one can satisfy himself of that if he will examine a caterpillar of one
of the large Bombycide or Sphinges. ‘The.segments are distinct in many
butterfly larve, as for example, D. archippus. Now on page 82, Mr.
Scudder gives a magnified figure of the larva of A7chippus from Burgess,
in which the thoracic segments are numbered 1 to 3, and the abdominal 1
to 9, making 12 without the head. On page 19 we read: “Among the
butterflies these appendages (pro-legs) are always borne by the 3rd to the
6th abdominal segments, and by the last segment, leaving thus a szm/ar
space without support between the true and false legs, and between the terminal
and preceding false legs.” Plainly this accounts for but 12 segments, as
these ‘‘ similar spaces” are two segments in each case. ‘Three thoracic,
bearing legs, 2 segments “without support,” 4 with false legs, 2 more
*‘ without! support,” and the “terminal” segment. That is 12. I should
have regarded the statement that there were 13 segments without the head
as an error of the printer ; but on page 239, the author undertakes to
conceive a picture of the primeval butterfly, and says: ‘‘ The caterpillar
had a rounded head, a body composed of 13 segments,” &c. Therefore
I should like an explanation, and a hint as to where one is to look to find
this 13th segment. It is hardly necessary to count segments which are
invisible to the naked eye.

13. On Apaturas ‘“‘ Herse” and “ Lycaon.”

In 1833, Boisduval and Leconte, in Lep. de Amer. Sept., described
and figured two species of Apatura as Ceé/tzis and Clyfon, and for more than
a generation these names were unchallenged. In 1869, Mr. A. G. Butler,
in his Catalogue of Di. Lep., described by Fabricius in the Collection of
the Brit. Museum, introduced Lycaon f and Herse 2, Fab. Ent. Syst., as
of one and same species, and remarked : ‘“ This species is well figured in
Jones’s unpublished ‘ Icones’ ; it comes very near a new species figured
by Mr. Edwards” (A. AZciz). All that Fabricius himself knew of these
species was from the drawings, so far as appears, and his description is
taken directly from the drawings. What part of the globe the butterflies
came from he did not know, as in both cases he says ‘‘ Habitat ——.”

In 1871, Kirby’s Catalogue followed Butler, giving Zycaon as §, Herse
as 2, of one and the same species, but not one identical with either Ce/tes
or C/yton. In this Catalogue, Zycaon stands No. 34 and Ce/tis No. 38 in

54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the series, two tropical species intervening with others. No locality is
given for Lycaon and Herse, as it was not known by Kirby what part of
the world they came from. Since the time of Fabricius, 1793, these
drawings had never been fixed on any living species.

In 1872, 39 years after Boisduval and LeConte had figured Ce/tzs and
Clyton, during all which period their names had stood unchallenged, Mr.
Scudder, in his Systematic Revision, first connects Jones’s figures with our
N. Am. species, making CZyton to be identical with Herse and Ceé/tis with
Lycaon, differing completely, as is seen from both Butler and Kirby. They
regarded these drawings as meant to illustrate two sexes of one species, but
that one neither CZyton nor Celtis. Mr. Scudder asserts them to illustrate
two distinct species, with no explanation allotting one to CZyton, the other
to Celtis. Now Clyton and Celtis belong to two well marked sub-
groups, and it shows the utterly worthless character of the Jones drawings

for identification of species, that such an authority as Mr. Butler should
regard them as representing the two sexes of one species, and that Mr.
Scudder should, on the contrary, think they represented two species of
distinct sub-groups.

In 1874, Mr. Riley, 6th Mo. Report, gave admirable wood-cuts—as
his manner is—of both our species, but unfortunately, followed Mr. Scud-
der in perpetuating the errors I have spoken of, and that evidently out of
deference to Mr. Scudder’s supposed means of information. He says that
** for forty years the species have been known as Ce/¢7s and CZyton, and he
regrets that some time should not by agreement be fixed, say a quarter of
a century, after which an insect which has been universally designated by
a particular name, should not be called on to change its name evermore,
no matter what prior name might turn up. But as no such rule exists, he
thinks the quickest way to get rid of the confusion now attaching to the
specific nomenclature zs fo follow Mr. Scudder, who has given the matter
so much attention.” If 1am not much mistaken, Mr. Riley would not
give that advice to-day. Ido not suppose Mr. Scudder ever saw Cedtzs
and C/yfon alive—as they are not New Englanders—and all that he knew
of Jones’ figures was learned by a cursory inspection of them at Oxford
at some time during his travels. That unlucky inspection has been the
cause of a great deal of trouble.

I had occasion to figure Ce/¢/s and Clyton in Vol, 2, But. N. A., Parts
3 and 5, and I obtained, by the kindness of Prof. Westwood, colored
copies made by himself of both surfaces of Herse. Mr. Riley, after his

/ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a»)

paper was written, had also obtained from the same source uncolored
tracings of both Herse and Zycaon, which he permitted me to see. Mr.
Butler had himself examined the drawings and wrote me, he still regarding
them as representing two sexes of one species: ‘It is certainly not
Celtis, which I know well.” Now Mr. Butler’s testimony was of itself
sufficient to settle this matter.

I first saw the tracings spoken of through Mr. Riley, and in my Part
3, Lsay: “I entertain not a doubt that they were meant to represent
Ldyja, or a species allied to that.” There are certain well marked peculi-
arities in the arrangement of the spots in /dy7a to be found roughly done
in the drawings, and herein /dyja differs from either of our two species.
I copied Fabricius’ description of Zycaon (drawn up from Jones), and
compared it line for line with the appearance of Céts, and made it plain
that the description of one could not apply to, and could not have been
meant for, the other, whether as to coloring or markings.

When I wrote the text of Clyton, Part 5, a year later, I had Prof.
Westwood’s colored copies of Hevse before me, and I showed that Fabri-
cius’ description of Herse could not possibly relate to CZyfon. I gave
wood cuts of the under sides of Herse and /dyja (a West India species
whose nearest allies are to be found in tropical America), and the resem-
blance in the arrangement of the spots between these two was as unmis-
takable as was the difference between either and C7lyton or Celtis. If
Jones did not have /dy7a before him he certainly had a species of same
sub-group. But what that species was it is impossible to say. Surely it is
quite time that Fabricius’ names for Jones’ figures should drop into their
original obscurity. Nevertheless here they stand in Mr. Scudder’s
“ Butterflies,” 1881, as if their claims were established, or had never been
denied, and the names properly belonging to the species are put down as
synonyms!

14. On Cotas CHRISTINA Edw.

In Mr. Strecker’s Catalogue, p. 81, Colias Christina, a well marked
orange species, figured in Vol. 1, But. N. A., is set down as a var. of C.
Pelidne Bd., a yellow species which I should say was at a considerable
distance in a series ; and in various other publications Mr. Strecker has
_expatiated on this supposed discovery. Pe/édne, with its var. Chrestina,
stands as No. 54 in his series. Colias Occidentalis Sc. is quite as strangely
put down as a var. of C. Philodice, a species for which it has but a slight

a6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

affinity, and P/ilodice stands No. 58 in his series, Alexandra, Emilia and
Barbara intervening between it and Pelidne. And C. Scudderi is given
as a synonym of Pe/idne, not even worthy to be called a variety.

Being recently in New York, I saw in the collection of Mr. Henry
Edwards several examples of what Mr. Strecker had sent him as Christina
from Hudson’s Bay, where this complication of species is said to be the
normal condition. These examples embraced @ Scudderi, f 3 Occt-
dentalis, and no Christina at all!

While on this subject, I may as well add that C. Barbara, H. Edw.,
spoken of above, stands as a good species in Strecker’s Cat., No. 57, and
C. Harfordii, H. Edw., is put as a var. of C. Chrysotheme, No. 60,
although the latter is not an American species. It is however an orange
species, whereas Harfordit is a yellow one, and Harfordii and Barbara
are really one and the same thing. Mr. H. Edwards suggested this in a
paper in Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 17th June, 1878, and he informs me that
he is at present fully satisfied of the identity. After inspection of the
specimens in his collection I agree with him.

MIGRATION OF DRAGON-FLIES—Aeschna heros* (¥abr.)
BY A. H. MUNDT, FAIRBURY, ILL., LIVINGSTON CO

On,the evening of August 13th, 1881, I observed them between the
hours of 5 and 7 o'clock. The air for miles around seemed literally alive
with these dragon-flies, from a foot above ground to as far as the eye
could reach, all flying in the same direction, a south-westerly course, and
the few that would occasionally cross the track of the majority could all
the more easily be noticed from the very regular and swift course they
generally pursued ; but even these few stray ones would soon fall in with
the rest again. Very few were seen alighting, and all carefully avoided
any movable obstacles. ;

The next day very few were seen on the prairies, and these mostly of
another species very abundant in this country, Avax junius (Drury),
which were probably at home previously, and in a few days I could see
none others but the latter. A few newspapers, and also a few correspond-

* ( Gschna heros, Fabr.
| 4schna,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 57

ents from twelve to fifteen miles east and west of here, had observed and
mentioned their flight. Although their course was precisely in that
direction, Prof. Forbes, of the State Normal Museum, writes that “no
observations had been made there regarding the migrating of this
insect,” and he kindly identified the last named species for me ; however
both have been carefully looked up and identified as being separate, by
other well informed Entomologists, all agreeing with me that the above
names are correct.

Whether their migrating was instinctive, or forced by the Manitoba
wave, then reported in Chicago papers as having arrived in that direction,
after a spell of very warm weather; or caused by the dry season, the
ponds having become so exhausted as to afford no pasturage for their
larvee, seems a matter of conjecture ; most likely the latter, however, as
the cold wave reached here but very slightly.

NOTES ON J.AST YEAR’S COLLECTING.
BY J. ALSTON MOFFAT, HAMILTON, ONT.

No one I think can have been long engaged in collecting insects with-
out having noticed the remarkable diversity in the products of different
years, not only in quantity, but in kinds. Each summer seems to bring
its own particular species to the front, so that if a person wishes to get a
moderately correct idea of the insects of any locality, it is necessary for
him not only to hunt diligently all the season, but every season for a con-
siderable length of time ; and if he has from any cause missed one, he
may be sure he has missed something which it may be years before he will
again have an opportunity of securing, or securing in the same abundance.
The causes of these variations seem as yet to a great extent a mystery.

Insect hunting could not be said to be good in this locality last sum-
mer. It might be considered very poor, yet it produced its new things for
the collection, and some things in plenty which had hitherto been scarce.
On the 12th of May I came across some specimens of a Pieris which I
thought were poor specimens of o/eracea, but which Mr, Edwards deter-
mined to be Virginzensis. On the 23rd I took a very attractive Chryso-
mela, which is in the Society’s Coll. in London as C. dabyrinthica, but
which the authorities say is mu/tiguttis of Crotch’s Check List, of which

58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

scalaris is a synonym. Rather remarkable, surely, that so handsome and
distinctly marked an insect should not have a name of its own. Its
season lasted about four weeks, during which I secured over a dozen. I
took one specimen of Stenosphenus notatus Oliv. Of this species I
captured in May, 1879, three specimens, the first ] ever took, and that
year, a week or two previous to my captures, I received from Mr.
Reinecke, of Buffalo, a pair labelled Dallas, Texas. They are exactly
similar. The Cerambycide were ten days later than usual this year.
Goes debilis was numerous, and I took my first and only specimen of SS.
pulcher. Saperda discoidea, although never plentiful, is interesting from
the great difference in size and markings of the sexes. I had always
found two or three females to one male until last season, when the males
were most numerous. There were several species of Leptura quite com-
mon, especially vésex, which I had not seen before. Gaurotes cyani-
pennis was in great abundance, but although you could bring a dozen
down with one stroke, you might not secure more than two or three, they
were so quickly on the wing again. ‘The months of July and August were
barren of anything worthy of note. In the second week of September
the fall moths began to appear, and up to the end of October were quite
plentiful. Those attractive genera, Scopelosoma and Lithophane, were
more fully represented than I had seen them since the fall of 1877, when
I took eight or ten species for the first time. A few S. Gracfiana and L.
Bethunet can be found every year, but Scopelosoma Pettiti and ceromatica,
and Lithophane semiusta, pexata, signosa, petilca, guerquera, are rare.
Some of these choicer species were easily secured again last fall. I also
took one new to me, ZL. ferrealis, whilst a friend here, Mr. J. Johnston,
took SS. ¢ristigmata and ZL. cinerosa, which we were enabled to identify
through the kindness of Mr. R. Thaxter, of Cambridge, Mass. Mr. Kyle,
of Dundas, secured Z. Georgiz, which I have not yet met with. It may
be worthy of note that Mr. Johnston took a specimen each of Plusia
striatelle and Cherocampa tersa, the first taken here of either species.
Mr. Thaxter kindly determined the following for me:

Dryopteris rosea, Hadena Miselioides, »
Limacodes inornata, Dianthoecia meditata,
Gortyna cerina, Orthodes cynica,
Calledapteryx dryopterata, Paristichtis perbellis,

Mamestra eloniplina.
The last four were taken the previous year at Long Point.

THE CANADIAN

ENTOMOLOGIST.

59

CATOCALA TAKEN IN THE VICINITY OF FRANKFORD,
PENNSYLVANIA.

Name.

Epione.
Lachrymosa.
Obscura.
Angusil.
Var. Lucetta
Ulalume.
Insolabilis,
Robinsonii.
Viduata.
Retecta.
Flebilis.
Desperata
Tristis.
Judith, \
Levettu.
Cara.
Amatrix.
Var. Nurus.
Cocinnati.
Unijuga.
Marmorata.
Parta.
Ultronia.
Concumbens.
Ilia.
Innubens.

Var. Scintillans.

Piatrix.
Subnata.
Neogama.
Paleogama.
Var. Phalanga
Nebulosa.
Serena.
Habilis.
Cerogama.
Antinympha.
Grynea.
Gracilis.
Var. Similis.
Minuta
Linella.
Androphila.
Amasia.

OccuR-
RENCE,

Not common.
Rare.

Not common.
Rare.

Rare.

Rare.

Not common.
Not common.
Very rare.
Not common.
Not common,
Common.
Rare.

Rare.

Common.
Common.
Very rare.
Not common.
Very rare.
Not common.
Not common.
Very rare.
Common.
Rare.

Very rare.
Not common.
Rare.
Common.
Common.
Rare.

Very rare.
Not common.
Common,
Not common.
Rare.

Not common.
Not common.
Not common
Rare.
Common,
Common.
Very rare,

BY JAMES S. JOHNSON.

EARLIEST
CAPTURE,

CAPTUKES.

Every season. July 10, 1880, July 28, 188.

3 specimens.

5 specimens.
3 specimens.
1 specimen.

Every season. July 8, 1880.

Every season. Aug. ro, 1880.
Sept. 5, 1877.
Every season. July 19, 1880.
Every season. July 26, 1877.
Every season. Aug. g, 1877.

July 14, 1877.

2 specimens.

5 specimens.

Every season. July 9, 1880.
Not common. Every season. Aug. 6, 1880.
Every season. Aug. g, 1880.
Every season. Aug. 17, 1880,
July 14, 1880.
Every season. Aug. 28,

3 specimens.

I specimen,

Every season. July 21, 1877.
Every season, July 8, 1880.

i specimen.

Every season. July 1, 1880.

7 specimens.
2 specimens,

Every season. July rq,

Every season. july 10, 1880.

Every season. July 11,
Every season. July 16,
4 specimens. July 26,
Every season. July 11,
Every season. July 25,

Every season. Aug. 8, 1880.
Every season. Aug. 15, 1877.
Every season July 1, 1880.
Every season. July 9, 1880.
Every season. July ro, 1880.

4 specimens.

3 specimens.

Sept. 4, 1877.
Every season. July ro, 1880.
Sept. 3, 1880.
Sept. 3, 1880.

Aug. 10, 1877.
Aug. 18,
Every season. Aug. 10, 1877.

July 21, 1877.
Every season. July 4, 1880,
Every season. July 14, 1880.

July 24, 1877.

Aug. 6, 1877.

Latest Duration, Founp
CAPTURE. Days. ON
1g Oak and chestnut.
Sept 7, 1881. 4, .Oaks
Sept. 27, 1881. 18 Hickory and oak,
Sept. 7, 1881. 5 White and black oak.
Sept. 8, 1877. 6 oe bf
Sept. 27, 1881. Black oak.
Sept. 8,°188r. 63 Hickory and oak.
Sept. 27, 1881. 49 ts se
Sept. 7, 1881. 3. Black oak and elm.
Sept. ro, 1881, 54 Oak,hickory & chestn’t
Sept. 27,1881. 64 ee “s a
Sept. 19, 1881. 42 i - Re
July 21, 1877. 8 Tulip, poplar and oak.
Aug. 23, 1881. 46 Shell-bark hickory.
Sept. 13, 1880. 39 Oak and old stumps.
Oct. 10, 1877. 63 Beech, maple & willow
Oct. 10, 1877. 55 a eS
July 23, 1877. 1o Beech.
1881. Sept. 21, 1877. 25 Beech and willow.
Sept. 6, 188r. White oak.
Oct. 10, 1877. 82 Beech, oak and willow.
Aug. 23,1881. 47 “ ‘* Chestnut.
Aug, 16, 1877. Beech.
Sept. ro, 188r. 72 gs
Aug. 31, 1877. 20 “* and chestnut.
1877. Aug. 29, 1877. 12 « ss
Sept. 6, 1881. 28 Walnut and oak.
1880. Aug. 22, 1881. 40 Beech,
Sept. 27,1881. 80 ‘* and oak.
1880. Sept. 19, 1881. 71 Ss ss
1880. Sept. 8, 188r. 55 = s
1877. Sept. 27, 1881. - 64 f *

1880. Sept. 8, 1881, 60 Shell-bark hickory.
1880, Sept. 27,1881. 65 Oak,hickory &chestn’t
Aug 27,1881. 20 Oak and beech.

Aug. 23, 1880. 9 Under brush and logs.
July 24, 1881. 24 Oak and hickory.
July 29, 1877. 2r Oak.

July 27, 188r. EO bos

July 28, 1881. 8 ss

Sept. 1, 188. 60 Black oak.

Sept. 8, 1881. 537. White oak.

“ce

60 THE CANADIAN KNTOMOLOGIST.

The above table was compiled from my diary for the past five years.
I notice that the season of 1880 was 8 or to days in advance of the
others, while 1877, during which there was a harvest, held out the longest.
All of the specimens were taken at rest, and the trees named are those on
which they were discovered and seemed to select for hiding. Itis a
singular fact that among the hundreds I have captured, I have never yet
found a 2 Catocala containing eggs.

CORRESPONDENCE.

A CORRECTION.
DeEaR SIR,—

In my article which appeared on pages 21-23 of the CANADIAN ENTo-
moLoGisT, Vol. xiii, No. 2, the species was erroneously accredited to
Plusia precationis Gueneé, instead of to Plusia simplex of the same
author. This mistake on my part was owing to the fact that the moths
from which I obtained the eggs had the metallic spots in the centre of the
fore wings nearly as they are in a frecationis which Mr. Grote determined
for me. Ihave been enabled the present season to correct my former
mistake by the use of the excellent descriptions of the Plusia moths given
by Prof. Cyrus Thomas in his Fourth Report.

On the 21st of November, 1881, I received from the Editor of the
Germantown Zelegraph a box of insects for determination, and in the
letter which accompanied the box the Editor stated that the worms which
he sent me were very destructive to the celery in many gardens in his
locality.

These celery worms agreed precisely with the description of the
simplex larve referred to above. They differ from the larvee of dvassica,
as given by Prof. Riley, only in having the spiracles ringed with black ;
and both of these larve differ from that of precationis by not having a
black stripe on each side of the head. _ In all other respects these three
larvee appear to be utterly indistinguishable.

D. W. CoguiLLeTtT, Woodstock, Ill.

The Canadian Entomolocist.

VOL. XIV. LONDON, ONT., APRIL, 1882. No. 4

NOTES ON PEMPHIGUS TESSELATA, Fitcu.

BY HERBERT OSBORN, AMES, IOWA.

SYNONOMY.

Chermes alni Kalm. Travels into North America, English translation,
vol. 4, p.' F542; p: 121, 2nd!ed.

Eriosoma tesselata Fitch. 4th Report State Cab. Nat. Hist., N. Y.

Eriosoma tesselata Glover. Ag. Rept., 1876, p. 39.

Eriosoma tesselata (or imbricata) Glover, unpublished plates HOMOPTERA
ill., fig. 19.

Schizoneura tesselata Thomas, 8th Report Insects of Illinois, p. 139.

Apparently the first record of this insect is given by Kalm., as cited
above, where he says under date of Oct. 3rd, 1748: “I saw to-day the
Chermes of the Alder ( Chermes alni) in great abundance on the branches
of that tree, which for that reason looks quite white, and at a distance
appears as it were covered with mold.” ‘This reference, in all probability,
is to P. ¢esse/ata, and the reference to the European species, Chermes alni
L., a mistake, since there are no later records of the European species
being found here, and this one is specifically distinct from the one
described by Linnzus.

Dr. Fitch describes the apterous female and states that he bad searched
in vain for winged individuals. His specimens were from A/nus rubra.
Mr. Glover states that it was found upon Birch in Maryland. In his
unpublished plates he figures the same, referring to it as /esselata or
zmbricata.

The newly-born larva is pale brown. The antennz are 4-jointed, the
first joint short, second one-half longer, third and terminal nearly equal
and each equalling the first and second together. The dorsal portion of
the body is covered with slight elevations which mark the position of the
wax-secreting glands. They are arranged in rows, there being three rows
on each side in the abdominal segments, except the terminal, which has

62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

none, and the subterminal, which has two on each side. On the thorax
and head they are smaller and fewer in number. Length of body 1.25
m. m.

Apterous viviparous 2. ‘Dull bluish black ; tergum with the seg-
ments marked by strongly impressed lines and covered by white down in
square checker-like spots. Length 0.16 in.” (4 m.m.) Fitch.

The abdomen is covered by long shreds of down, while the thorax
and head are simply covered with whitish dust. Antenne 5-jointed by
division of third (?) joint of larval antenna into /wo, while the second
joint has apparently shortened.

Fresh specimens of winged @ cleaned in alcohcl are described in
MS. by Dr. Hagen as “head and antenne black, prothorax pale dirty
whitish ; thorax chestnut brown ; abdomen pale whitish gray, above with
six rows of blackish spots ; beneath with four blackish fine lines on each
side near the middle, not reaching the tip ; legs brown ; tibiz and tarsi
paler ; wings opaque, veins pale, excent the mediana of fore wings, which
is brown. Full grown nympha is similar to the imago ; the wing cover-
ings are black.”

Alcoholic specimens of winged viviparous 2 were dark bluish black
with the white filaments on the abdomen less prominent than in the
apterous @ ; head and thorax covered with whitish powder. The antennz
are 6-jointed by division of the third (?) larval joint into ¢#rce, the second
joint shortening ; joints 3-6 are marked with transverse irregular inter-

ruptions lined with a thin membrane, while the terminal and subterminal

joints contain sensitive glands, as do also these joints in the larva and
apterous 9. Length 4-5 m.m. Expanse ro-12 m.m.

The sensitive glands of the antenne, which niay be seen in the ter-
minal and subterminal joints, are cavities or funnel-shaped openings in
the crust, which are lined by a membrane which expands in the middle
into a glandular body from which arise from two to four papille. In
some cases within the border of the cavity can be seen minute ciliz
forming'a fine fringe. These organs undergo but little modification during
the metamorphoses of the insect. They are prominent in the embryo
taken from the viviparous female. In the adult, however, they are par-
tially obscured by other irregularities in the surface. In the winged
individuals, where the antennz are 6-jointed, the terminal joint has at tip
five short papilla-like spines, and a little below these four slightly granular
elevations, immediately beneath which is an interrupted space in the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 63

crust, and at one side of this a cavity containing a papilla ; the surface of
the joint is broken below this in two places by irregular interruptions in
the crust, which appear to be lined by more delicate membrane. It is
also somewhat roughened and thrown up in places in transverse ridges or
elevations ; a few hairs also pass from round openings in the crust. The
subterminal joint has very near the end a large opening through the
external coat, and within this three large glandular bodies which bear
papille. Other open spaces are to be seen along the joint, but no glands.
The fourth and third joints have also irregular transverse interruptions in
the crust, but no papilla-bearing glands.

The papilla-bearing bodies in the last two joints must certainly be
organs of sense, though I have not been able to satisfactorily show their
connection with nerves. A delicate thread, probably a nerve, can in some
cases be seen running through the joints, but preparations from fresh
specimens will be necessary to establish its character and connections.
The delicate membranous coverings of the transverse irrorations in the
crust seem also well adapted to receiving impressions, but their connection
with nerves is still undetermined.

The labrum is a slender conical projection beyond the clypeus from
which its separation is indistinctly marked, since it contains but little
chitinous structure. It is channelled on the under side to near the tip,
and from this channel the setee forming the sucking tube pass in a regular
curve into the channel of the labium.

The superior setee (mandibule) spring from cones which originate
with chitinous arcs each side of the opening of the cesophagus ; passing
forward, they unite immediately in front of the hypopharynx and within
the paraglosse. The inferior sete (maxillz) arise from similar cones
which lie beneath based upon chitinous structure lying at the superior
posterior portion of paraglossal bases. They unite with each other and
with the superior sete at the union of the latter, and pass with these
between and in the channel of the paraglossze, and thence into the groove
of the labrum. The paraglossz are short and setaceous, arising from an
inferior lamina which rests upon the base of the labium. The labium is
4zointed and reaches nearly to the end of the body in the larva, but only
beyond the first pair of legs in the adult ; the tip is surrounded by numer-
ous hairs and a row of bristles extends each side of the groove. Imme-
diately in front of the cesophageal opening appears a denser portion, the
epi- and hypo-pharynx, extending to the union of the sete, and within

64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

this, forming a central row, are eight spots, light in the centre with dark
borders, becoming entirely dark with more superficial focussing ; appar-
ently these lie immediately above the channel formed by the epi- and
hypo-pharynx leading'to the gullet.

In Cicada the epi-pharynx, which forms the under surface of the
clypeus, is channelled, and the edges of channel are raised into two strong
arches. In the central portion of this channel is a double row of ten
spots similar to those described in P. ¢esse/ata, and back of these in a
direct line toward the pharynx is a sac-like organ apparently with an open-
ing into the channel and with a delicate tube leading from its neck, and
within its boundaries two clusters containing four spots each, lying one on
each side of the median line.* These spots are very similar to structures
that I have examined which are similarly located in the honey ant, and
which evidently correspond with the sense organs of the honey bee
described as located here.

These organs, which seem never to have been described in Hemiptera
heretofore, are present in such Hemiptera as I have been able to examine,
and when fresh specimens are at hand, it is hoped that their structure and
office may be more fully determined. It seems most probable, however,
that they are organs of sense, and their location would warrant the belief
that they may be connected with taste, though they may be connected
with smell instead, or it is not impossible, owing to the close relation of
these senses even in the highest animals, that they might perform a double
office. The wax-secreting glands located on the dorsal surface of each
segment consist of circular groups of large pavement cells disposed
beneath the epidermis.

Prof. Thomas, in his work on Aphidide (8th Rept. State Entomolo-
gist of Ill.), places this species in the genus Schzzoneura, but following the
venation of the wings according to which the genera are divided, it can-
not be placed in this genus since the third discoidal vein is not forked,
while in other characters, as well as this, it agrees with Pemphigus.

The venation, however, is not constant, for in examining the wings of
over thirty specimens, one was found in which the third discoidal of the
front wing was distinctly forked, while in one other the second oblique of
the hind wing was forked.

* Can this structure be analogous to the ‘‘taste goblets” which are found in the
fungiform and circumvallate papillae of the human tongue ?

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65

The hooklet which attaches the hind wing to the front one is com-
posed of five pieces side by side, like the fingers of a hand. It fits into
a fold of the hind border of the front wing, which lies at the termination
of the first discoidal vein.

The observations here recorded were made during the past winter in
the Cambridge Museum of Comparative Zoology, while studying under
the direction of Dr. H. A. Hagen, to whom I am under lasting obligations |
for valuable aid and for the use of material and books with which to
pursue my work.

REMARKS ON THE GENERIC CHARACTERS OF THE
NOCTUID:.

BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW YORK.

“ T can get along very well with the Butterflies, and I know something
about Beetles, but the JVoctuide were always a great puzzle to me.’ So
writes one of my correspondents, and to the same effect are expressions,
both oral and written, from nearly all the collectors I have had any
acquaintance with. And yet there is no good reason why the Woctuide
more than the other families or groups should be considered so very
difficult. True that the species are often very closely allied, and true also
that there is often more difference between variations of one species than
there is between valid (so considered at present) species. | Yet there are
many excellent characters in the Woctuide, easily recognized and readily
discerned, which make the placing an unknown species into its proper
genus a task of little difficulty

The truth is that the Voctucde are not so difficult a group fer se, but
the sources of information concerning it are so various, so difficult of
access, and so foggy when they have been discovered, that even if the
student happens to know the language in which his work is written, the
information derived scarce repays the trouble bestowed upon the search.
Later writers have done little to lift the veil which concealed knowledge
from the eyes of others. Species there have been described in very large
numbers, and genera have been created with exceeding great liberality,
and the result is that the beginner is appalled at the chaos which confronts
him in Entomology, and takes to Botany or some other branch of natural

66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

science about which something seems to be known. Many of the writers
of the present decade also seem to find their greatest delight in accusing
those whose misfortune it is not to agree with them, of ignorance, either
of the literature of the subject, or of anatomy, or something else equally
heinous. A knowledge of the literature of the subject is, I admit, an
accomplishment not everyone can boast of, but a knowledge of the
anatomy of a Noctuid is a thing that any one can acquire in a very short
time. All this has nothing particular to do with generic characters, but it
was necessary to say a few words to explain why the following dissertation
was written, and I will now proceed with my subject.

A good, concise definition of the group /Voctuzde, which shall include
all the forms belonging to it, and exclude everything not so referable, is
still one of the deséderata, and I am not able at present to supply it. As
good a one as it is possible to get within a short space is the following
from the preface of my synopsis of the genera :

The Noctuidz are as a rule robust, seldom slightly built moths, with
comparatively small, stiff wings, which, except in Zortricodes bifidalts, are
entire ; the ocelli are nearly always present, and the wings have simple
discal cells, two free veins at inner margin of secondaries (counted as one
by the German Entomologists), and one at inner margin of primaries; the
latter usually have also an accessory cell at the upper angle of the discal,
sometimes separated from it by a short stalk. The antennz are bristle-
form, generally simple in the female and pectinate or ciliate in the male.

Commencing at the head, the characters used in generic divisions are
as follows :

The eyes, as to clothing, are either entirely naked, naked and fringed
above and below, and sometimes at the sides, with hairy or bristly lashes,
or entirely hairy—a single hair usually arising from the angles of the
facets of the compound eye. These differences have a very great generic
value, and two genera separated only by one or the other of these char-
acters would be valid.

In form the eyes are either hemispherical and very strongly convex,
rounded and somewhat flattened, elongate oval, or reniform. The degree
of convexity or the size have no, or only a slight, generic value, but an
insect with reniform eyes would be generically distinct from a round-
eyed one.

The oce//i are usually present, but are lacking in a few genera ; in this
group lack of ocelli suffices for generic separation. | When present they

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67

are found close to the compound eye, and behind the base of the antenna.
Usually they can be distinguished without denuding the head, but occa-
sionally they are so small, and the vestiture of the head is so thick, that a
part of it must be removed before the presence of the ocelli can be posi-
tively determined.

The clypeus is variously modified ; usually it is smooth, moderately
convex, and without any special peculiarity. In some cases, however, it
becomes prominent, bulging out between the palpi, and this convexity has
occasionally a concave depression in front, and in this depression again
are tubercles, conic protuberances, etc. In other genera a conic tubercle
adorns the clypeus; sometimes there is a cylindrical projection, and some-
times the projection is flattened ; in one genus (Vonagris) bifid in front.
Occasionally the “infra clypeal plate” is produced, forming a flattened
shelf-like projection, usually squarely cut off before. These projections
are often partially or entirely concealed by the vestiture, but can in all
cases be readily demonstrated by touch with a fine pin. As to the gen-
eric value of these modifications, there is considerable difference of
opinion. For my own part, I consider them as having only a slight value,
and as not being sufficient in themselves to separate genera. The genus
Cucullia, for instance, has in some species a normal clypeus, in others a
convex projection, and in others a depression in this convexity. Arzama
has in some species a conic tubercle, which is lacking in others; so that
genera distinguished by clypeal differences only should be cautiously
created, and no genus based on the presence, absence or form of a tubercle
situated in a depression of the clypeus, should have any standing.

The ¢ongue varies somewhat in consistency and length. Sometimes it
is almost obsolete, as in Cleoceris and Euthisanotia, but usually it is long,
strong and corneous, coiled between the palpi. Genera may be properly
based on the extremes of length and consistency of the tongue, but mere -
variations in length do not authorize them.

The palpi vary greatly, and genera are very largely based on their
modifications. In the typical Woctwae they are of moderate length, the
second joint generally longest and always heaviest, and the third joint
usually small and slender, and sometimes so small as to be obsolete.
They are usually curved upward, closely applied to the head, and gener-
ally reach to the vertex. Sometimes they are so short as to be practically
obsolete, and then again they exceed the head by half the length of the
entire insect (§ De/foide). Sometimes they are porrect and closely scaled,

68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

having the terminal joint nearly as long as the second (Cafocala). Some-
times, as in Plusiodonta and in some species of P/usia, the terminal joint
is exaggerated, reaching far above the head. In some genera they are
oblique and heavily fringed beneath, broadening toward the tip (Basz/odes) ;
then again they project forward hotizontally, sometimes, in conjunction
with the pointed frontal tuft, forming a snout (Scolecocampa). In Her-~
minia, Hypena and some others, the second joint is disproportionately
long and fringed above with upright scales or hair, while the terminal joint
is short and slender. Sometimes they are curved upward, sickle-shaped,
nearly reaching the base of the thorax and closely scaled. Mere differ-
ences in the length of the palpi or in the proportions that their joints bear
to each other, do not authorize generic distinctions, if the general form
remain the same ; but insects having the palpi practically obsolete could
not be considered congeneric with those: having them well developed ;
nor could an insect with porrect palpi be placed with one having elongate
horizontal palpi; and this in turn could not be united with one in which
they were sickle-shaped and curved upward. Variations in the position
of the terminal joint, whether vertical, drooping or otherwise, do not
authorize a generic distinction.

The antenn@ are very variable, but their variations do not afford good
generic characters, as they are generally sexual. Usually they are simple
in the 2 and more or less pectinate or ciliate in the #; sometimes they
are both simple, and then again both sexes have them pectinated. In some
of the lower forms the males have them bunched or knotted at or below
the middie, sometimes there is a tuft of hair at this point, and sometimes
alone, or in addition to either or both of these distinctions, there is a
decided bend, usually above the middle. Sexual characters alone should
not authorize genera, and therefore the variations of the antennz should
not have a generic value.

The clothing of the head varies with the clothing of the entire insect,
but it is sometimes modified into tufts. There is occasionally a small tuft at
the base of the antennz, and often one in front, between the palpi.
Sometimes the clothing of the front is smooth and even; then again it is
rough, divergent, occasionally mixed with bristles. None of these modi-
fications alone have a generic value, but they add to the value of others,
and combined with them, may attain a greater value.

The size of the head as a whole, varies somewhat in the sexes, and
does not alone afford good generic characters, but combined with the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 69

mode of its attachment to the thorax, it attains a higher value. The head
is sometimes free, separated from the thorax by a distinct constriction,
and sometimes it is closely applied to it and almost buried in its vestiture.
This about exhausts the head, and it will be seen that by the variations
of the head and its appendages alone, numerous divisions and subdivisions
can be established, which will simplify the determination of unknown
species.

The thorax and its appendages vary less, but even here there is a great
deal of difference,

In shape it is usually convex, sometimes very large and heavy, rarely
small; often it is somewhat depressed and occasionally quite flat ; some-
times it is quadrate, but more usually rounded or ovate. Alone these
variations do not present good generic characters, but combined with
tuftings and the proportion the thorax as a whole bears to other parts,
they afford good distinguishing features.

The vestiture is usually hairy, often scaly, and sometimes a mixture of
both. The extremes would be generically distinct, but where the vestiture
is mixed, the question is not free from doubt; ordinarily an insect with
mixed vestiture would be distinct from either a hairy or a scaly one, but
sometimes the mixture is so slight, or the hairy insect has the hair so
much flattened, that a generic separation would be unjustifiable. Acronycta
and Hadena each fall into two very well marked divisions by the char-
acter of the vestiture.

The /uftings vary considerably. Sometimes there are none, sometimes
there is only a small acute tuft behind the collar, sometimes a divided
crest or tuft in the same place, and again there may be a rounded or
truncate bunch of hair. Posteriorly there is usually a larger rounded
tuft, but sometimes, as in P/usza, it rises upward saddle-shaped, or as in
Zale and Homoptera, it is divided into three diverging tufts truncate
behind.

The collar is sometimes produced at the middle, and excavated at
either side, sometimes flat, disk-like, or again, as in Cucullia, hood-like
and exaggerated.

These modifications of tufting and collar have but a small generic
value. The presence or absence of either, or the variations in form,
would not indicate a generic difference, though a total absence o tufts
would probably do so if there were no intermediate forms.

The “dia are sometimes spinose and sometimes not. ‘This affords an

70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

absolute generic distinction. Sometimes all the tibia are spinulated,
sometimes middie and hind tibia only, and sometimes only the middle
tibia ; the number of tibia spinulated has no generic value. The posterior
tibia has usually (if not, as I believe, always) two pairs of spurs, one
pair near the middle and the other at the tip. The middle tibia have a
single pair at the tip.

The anterior tibia varies greatly in shape and armature, and its modi-
fications afford good generic characters. Usually it is proportionate, and
unarmed at tip ; sometimes it has spinules at the extremity, and some-
times a single strong claw; sometimes the spines and claw co-exist.
Neither of these alone authorize generic distinction. Sometimes the tibia
is very short, exceeded in length by the first tarsal joint and variously
armed at the tip; this suffices for generic distinction irrespective of the
armature. This latter is various, sometimes consisting of spines and
sometimes of claws at the tip. Very often the tibia, besides being short-
ened, is also flattened and becomes broader anteriorly ; this also author-
izes separation from a genus with the fore tibia equal, no matter what its
length. In a few genera the anterior tibia is almost fossorial; Z7ecopis, for
instance, having a very heavy, long inner claw, and three shorter but
equally heavy claws outwardly. Zamila has very heavily armed tibia, and
in Heliolonche the inner claw is nearly as long as the tibia itself, and not
much more slender than the tarsi. The variations in the number of claws
or their length alone, do not authorize generic separation, but added to a
change in the form or proportion of the tibia, they would.

The males sometimes have a brush of long hair at the inner side of the
anterior tibia, but this has no generic value.

The femora vary little, and so far as I know, not at all in the American
forms ; in the European forms two genera have them clavate. Sucha
modification would support a genus.

The tarsi, so far as I know, are always spinulated. They are some-
times distinguished by long fluffy hair on the anterior and middle pair
(Eriopus), or by long, dense, vertical, upright hair on the posterior
(Remigia). These modifications being sexual purely, have no generic
value.

The wings vary greatly in form and proportion. Usually the primaries
are elongate, widening gradually outwardly, with rectangular or obtuse
apex, slightly oblique outer margin, rounded hind angle and straight inner

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. it

margin. The secondaries are usually more or less rounded, shorter and
broader than the primaries.

This is their form in the typical octwa, but variations from it are
numerous ; sometimes the wings are short and broad, again they are nar-
row and equal, sometimes lanceolate, and occasionally falcate. In one
species only the primaries are divided to the middle, and this is the lowest
of our Noctuids, if indeed it belongs to the group. Some genera have a
tooth at the hind angle of primaries, some a slight projecting lappet, and
others have this angle either rounded or excavated. Little generic value
can be given to these variations, as in P/usia all forms of wings can be
found. A lanceolate primary would however indicate a distinct genus, and
the same can be said of a decidedly angulated or falcate one. A broad
lappet at the middle of the hind margin would indicate a distinct genus,
but a merely sinuate hind margin would not. The proportion that the
wings bear to each other and to the body, have a high generic value, and
genera can be safely rested on that point ; be it understood, however, that
I do not mean by this that every difference in that respect authorizes a
genus. The proportion must be one striking the eye at first sight, and
not to be only discoverable by careful measurement.

The venation of the wings among the JVoctuzds varies very slightly, and
the variations have been very generally considered as having an absolute
generic value.

The abdomen varies somewhat in shape and proportion, and also in the
tuftings. As to shape, it is usually more or less cylindrical, generally
reaching to and often exceeding the hind angle of the secondaries ; some-
times it is cylindro-conic, as in most Caéocala, and sometimes it is flat-
tened, as in Scopelosoma and some species of Orrhodia (Glaea). Its
variations of form do not afford good generic characters, nor does its
length, unless. the proportion is exaggerated.

The genitalie of the males vary somewhat, but these variations, while
affording excellent specific characteristics, have no generic value. First,
because they are sexual merely ; second, because there is an insensible
gradation from one into the other, rendering separation impracticable ;
and third, because occasionally insects otherwise very closely related,
differ very widely in this particular.

As to tuftings, these vary little in shape, being usually round bunches
of vertical hair or scales, varying in number and size. ‘Their presence or
absence has no generic value, but affords good specific characters.

72 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The foregoing includes most of the structural peculiarities of the group
Noctwide, and it will be seen that there is nothing whatever in them that
a student moderately familiar with the names of the parts of an insect, can
not himself examine with but little trouble, and nothing requiring any
higher magnifying power than that afforded by a good Stanhope lens.

PSEPHENUS LECONTEL
BY J. GEO, GEHRING, CLEVELAND, 0.

A few notes as to the habits and whereabouts of this inhabitant of the
rapids of Niagara may perhaps be of interest to such collectors as may
visit this locality the coming season. This interesting beetle being but
rarely represented in collections, I felt induced to make extra exertions
during a few hours sojourn there last August, to find it, and was finally
rewarded by finding it in numbers. Although my time did not allow me
to reap the benefit of my discovery, still if others are enabled to profit by
these notes, the result will be the same.

By turning over the small rocks which lie in the small rapids close by
the Goat and Sister Islands, the flat, crustacean-like larvz will be found in
great numbers adhering tightly to the under surface in all stages of devel-
opment, and it is here one would naturally look for the perfect insect, but
only to be disappointed. I spent nearly all of my time in this fruitless
search, finding only ove specimen on the under side of one of the stones,
which proved to be a gravid female, and had well nigh given up in despair,
when the sudden appearance and immediate disappearance of several
small, shining beetles on the wet surface of a partly projecting stone
aroused my attention. Every alternate wave would submerge the stone,
when the objects of my anxiety would take flight, only to alight the next
moment when the water retreated. After a deal of maneuvering, I suc-
ceeded in getting one, but to find that in my anxiety to get it I had
crushed it hopelessly, but not so much as to prevent me from recognizing
Psephenus Lecontet. ‘The truth now dawned upon me that the place to
look for Psephenus was not wader but outside of the water, and accord-
ingly I closely scanned the neighboring projecting stones. I soon found

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 73

the objects of my search to be perfectly at home on these projecting
rocks, which were momentarily submerged by the waves, taking seemingly
special delight in frequenting rocks where the current was most rapid and
the swirl of the waters the strongest. It is a very active insect, and con-
siderable dexterity is needed to take it without mutilating, the moment it
alights on the slippery stones.

It would seem that it leads its matured existence entirely on the outside
of the water and in the sunlight, the female only entering it for the pur-
pose of depositing her eggs on the under side of the stones.

I am confident that any collector will be well rewarded for his trouble
if he will follow the above suggestions in looking for Psephenus.

LARVA AND PUPA OF PHEOSIA RIMOSA, Pack.
BY CHAS. F. GOODHUE, WEBSTER, N. H.

Mature larva, 1.50 to 1.75 long. ‘The body increases in size from the
head to the anal segment, deeply incised between the segments. Head
small and nearly round ; first four segments can be retracted nearly one-
half. Head and entire upper parts of body pale slate color, slightly
shaded with brown on the dorsal portion. Yellow beneath between the
legs, also a slight stigmatal line of the same color. Caudal horn short
and black ; the black extends from the base of horn to below the stig-
matae. Anal shield rusty and rough; stigmatae black, encircled with
yellow ; abdominal feet black, the rest pale yellowish. Another specimen
differs in color, being pale lavender, a slightly darker dorsal line. Under
parts between the legs, a faint substigmatal line greenish yellow. Another,
slightly smaller, was of a bright pea green color, with a bright yellow
stigmatal stripe, in other respects hike the former. The larvae are very much
like those of the Sphingidae in appearance, and are exceedingly smooth
and shiny. Found on willows and poplars, the last of Sept. The trans-
formation takes place in a slight cocoon of dead leaves fastened together
with a few silken threads, on the surface of the ground, much in the
manner of Darapsa myron.

Pupa dark brown. Head case smooth, deeply incised between the
abdominal segments. Anal segment large and smooth, ending in two

74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

short points. The moth appears early in spring and is probably double
brooded, as Mr. Fred. Tepper, in the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II., page 4, speaks of the moth in August.

ON CERTAIN FORMS OF NORTH AMERICAN NOCTUIDA,
INTERESTING FROM THE STRUCTURE OF
THE CLYPEUS AND TIBIA“

BY A. ROGROTE,

The following genera seem to fall in between He/othis and Plusia.
They appear to be distinctively American, and there is nothing like them
in the European or Asiatic faunze, so far as appears in literature. The
white species inhabit the West and South-west ; and the fore wings are
remarkable for their lustre, the markings consisting often of black dots, in
this recalling Aydza and certain Lithosians.

BEssuta Grote.

Vestiture hairy. Eyes naked. Front full, without excavation or
tubercle, the infra-clypeal plate prominent. ‘Tuibiz spinose, the fore tibice
with a claw. Thorax untufted. Antenne simple. Fore wings dull.
Aspect of the Arctiid genus Pareuchaetes. One species from New
Mexico, Zuxa, Grote. Primaries very light and fady yellow. The t. p,
line indicated by a curved series of faint ochrey dots. ‘Two cellular dots
and one or two more in place of t. a. line. Beneath costa and apices
dusky yellowish. ‘The coloring is very pale and the dotted markings tend
to become lost. Consult: Papilio, I., 176.

ANTAPLAGA Grote.

Vestiture scaly. Eyes naked. Fore tibiz with a stout claw. Front
with a protuberance rising from the lower margin of a rim-like excavation
jutting out from above the infra-clypeal plate. Primaries white, silky,
shaded outwardly transversely with olivaceous fuscous, the dark ground
color cut by the whitish subterminal line. In shape the fore wings widen
outwardly, the apices are produced and the costal margin is long; the
external margin very oblique and the internal margin comparatively
short. One species from Colorado, Dimidiata Grote, Can. Ent., 9, 71.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15

Pippona Harvey.

Vestiture scaly. Eyes naked. J.abial palpishort. Front full without
excavation or tubercle. Thorax untufted. Cut of the wings somewhat
like Heliophila. Fore wings satiny white, immaculate. Antennz simple.
All the tibiz spinose ; fore tibize strongly armed. One species, Bzmatrts
Harvey, from Texas, with yellowish head and abdomen ; primaries with a
faint yellowish costal tinge; shaded beneath with fuscous. There are
probably no “claws” to the front tibie, only stout spines. Consult :
BU BSS. N.S: EIT, 6:

EPINYCTIS Grote.

Vestiture scaly. Eyes naked. Labial palpi short. Front full, without
excavation or tubercie ; the infra-clypeal plate prominent. Tibize non-
spinose ; fore tibize short, with a claw. ‘Thorax and abdomen untufted.
Antenne simple. Cut of the wings somewhat like CucudZia. Primaries
narrow and long, apices pointed ; external margin oblique, even; the
wings satiny white. One species, JVofazel/a n. s., size of Bimatris, from
Montana. Fore wings with two black dots on the cell. Below, on
internal margin, about where the median lines might terminate, are two
more. A row of black points along external margin. Else concolorous,
immaculate white.

PLAGIOMIMIcUS Grote.

Vestiture scaly. Eyes naked. Front with a cup-like excavation, the
raised edges forming inferiorly a corneous projection above the infra-
clypeal plate. Tibiz unarmed; fore tibie with a claw. The tegule
spreading away from the thorax behind with elevated terminal scales.
Body untufted. One species, from New York to Texas, fuscous, with
angulated pale lines and a dark sub-apical, costal triangulate patch,
Pityochromus, Grote, Bull. B. S. N. S., I., 182.

PoOLENTA Morrison.

No characters are given by the author of this genus, excepting the
negative one that it may be distinguished from Schénia by the “ plain ”
fore tibiz. I have shown, Bull. B. S. N. S., III., that the genus is not
allied to Schinta, of which ¢ifascia is the type ; it differs throughout from
that genus. It differs by having a frontal excavation, and it agrees with
Plagiomimicus in this respect, as well as in the peculiar tegule and

76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

especially in the pattern of ornamentation. Polenta Tepperi is a very
pretty, delicate, dusky greenish species from the South, and its sole gen-
erlc distinction from Plagiomimicus, the “plain” fore tibiae, wanting the
claw, must be verified. The frontal excavation is slighter and its shape a
little modified as compared with Pétyochromus, but in their peculiar
appearance the two insects are so similar that they would hardly be
referred to different genera. It must be remembered that Mr. Morrison
redescribes Pityochromus as Schinia media, and that it is with this species,
which has a claw on the fore tibiae, that Mr. Morrison compares Podenta.
The typical species of Schinia, trifascia and rectifascia, appear to me to
have the fore tibiae unarmed.

STIRIA Grote.

Vestiture scaly. A moderate frontal excavation with a moderate
tubercle near its inferior edge. Eyes naked. Legs unarmed, the fore
tibiae with a stout blunt claw. The thorax is short with the extremity of
the patagiae spreading and fringed with uplifted scales like Plagzomimicus
and Polenta. Size large ; fore wings broad with a Plusia-like tooth at
internal angle. The species is rather light bright yellow, with frosted
purple patches at base on internal margin and at the centre of the wing,
while the terminal space and thorax are also of this darker shade. <A
showy species, Rugifrons, Grote, Bull. B. S. N. S., IL, 73, from Mlinois,
Kansas and Colorado.

STIBADIUM Grote.

A curious moth, resembling the fuscous species of Gortyna in color
(necopina, nitela), but slighter. The wings have not the fringed tooth at
internal angle of primaries as in S¢iria, but belonging here from the
shallow excavation of the front, wanting, however, the tubercle, and the
unarmed tibiae, the fore tibiae with a claw. The peculiar frosted coloring
also allies the moth to Stiria. Spumosum Grote, Bull. B.S. N. S., IL,
74, occurs in the same localities with ARugifrons and in two varieties, one
paler, more ochrey than the typical form.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 77

NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN GENERA OF NORTH AMERICAN
SYRPHID.

BY DR. S. W. WILLISTON, NEW HAVEN, CONN.

In the preparation of a synopsis of the North American genera of
Syrphidz, I have found several new species that could not be placed in
any of our known genera. A careful study of the figures and descriptions
of exotic forms has not thrown much light upon them, and I am therefore
constrained to regard them as new.

With the genera included in the present paper, and resuscitating
Macquart’s Zoxomerus, the number now recorded from North America
will reach sixty, all but five or six of which are in the writer’s collec-
tion. Of these, but nine or ten have not yet been found east of the
Central Plains, and the following, only, that are not now known west of
that region, viz., Zriglyphus, Senogaster, Pyrophaena, Doros, Ocyptamus,
Rhingia, Brachypalpus, Somula, Temnostoma, Merapioitdus, Pterallastis,
Teuchocnemis and Lepidomyia, leaving nearly forty genera that occur
entirely across the continent ; indeed a large proportion of the species are
identical from the Atlantic and Pacific regions.

Merapioidus villosus Bigot, Bul. Soc. Ent. France, 1879, No. 6, p. 64.
An aberrant and well marked genus, easily recognized by the peculiar
structure of the antenne, the third joint of which is extended on its upper
anterior part into an elongate cone, slightly bent forward and terminating
in the thickened arista. The arista is really subterminal, showing the
development of such genera as Cadlicera and Ceria. Body short, oval,
abdomen with interrupted metallic fasciae. Its relationship is remote from
Milesia in Schiner’s acceptation (Sphixea Rond., Bigot.) viz., with the
closed sub-marginal cell. It may be placed in the neighborhood of
Criorhina, Chrysochlamys, or the following :

Brachymyia gen. nov. Head short, broad, antennal prominence well
developed in the male, conic, less so in the female. First joint of antennae
longer than the second, third broader than long, transversely oval. Face
much produced downward and forward, conical, pointed, tuberculate,
cheeks broad. Front short, eyes bare, separated in the male by the tumid
ocelligerous tubercle. Body with long pile, abdomen short, broad, arched,
without markings. Legs all slender, simple, Third longitudinal vein
nearly straight ; small cross vein very oblique, near outer third of discal cell,

Brachymyia lupina, sp. nov., J @. Face on the sides covered with

78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

yellowish gray pollen, with the broad median stripe and cheeks broadly
shining black, Antennz brownish black, first joint twice as long as
second ; third joint somewhat reddish or brownish black. Front in the
female shining black, covered with reddish or fulvous pile or hair, on the
sides below pollinose. Frontal triangle in the male pollinose as on the
face, the tumid ocelligerous callosity black, opaque, slightly pollinose and
with a tuft of long reddish pile. Proboscis in female as long as the
thorax, shorter in male. Posterior orbits below tumid, thickly pollinose
and with a conspicuous fringe of yellowish white pile. Thorax black,
shining, with metallic lustre and reddish or fulvous pile, longer and thicker
on the scutellum. Abdomen shining black, with sparse similarly colored
pile, the hind borders of the segments narrowly pollinose. Legs black,
extreme tips of femora, basal third of tibiae, and basal joints of tarsi,
especially the middle pair, a brownish yellow or luteous. Wings hyaline,
a faint blackish shade near the tip; near the origin of third vein a narrow
indistinct brownish cross band, small cross vein also narrowly clouded ;
first posterior cell closed in the border of the wing. L.c. 10-13 mm. ;
1, al. 7¥%4-11 mm. Four specimens. California.

Brachymyia (¢ Eriwphora Ph.) nigripes sp. nov., 2. Sides of face
covered with yellowish pollen, broad median stripe and cheeks shining
black ; front black with black pile. Antennae black, first joint but a little
longer than the second. Proboscis long. Posterior orbits fringed with
whitish pile below. Thorax black, with fulvous pile in front, across the
middle with black, the pleurae, scutellum, and especially the posterior
angles, with lighter, yellow, and more bushy pile or hair. Abdomen
black, shining ; short, broad, and arched; the sides of the second, and
all the fourth and fifth segments with thick yellow pile ; elsewhere the pile
is shorter and black. Legs wholly black. Wings hyaline, a httle shaded
near the tip, small cross vein faintly clouded, first posterior cell closed
before the border of the wing, petiolate. L.c. 14 mm.; |. al. 13 mm.
Five specimens. California.

The greater, more woolly pilosity, and the conically produced face
leave me in doubt as to its relationship to Z7iophora Ph. (Ver. zool. bot.
Gesell. in Wien. 1865, p. 735, pl. xxvi., fig. 36).

A third species from Maine, rather larger than the last, differs in the
two basal segments only of the abdomen being yellow pilose, and the
tibize and tarsi mostly a deep red.

Hadromyia gen. nov. Antennae situated below the middle of the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 79

head, the antennal protuberance of moderate size. Antennae short, third
joint obliquely oval, front (Q) rather narrow, somewhat arched, sides
nearly parallel. Face deeply concave from antennae to tip, short, without
tubercle, arched. Cheek very narrow, descending but a very short dis-
tance below the eye. Oval opening large, broad ; proboscis short. Pos-
terior orbit not tumid. All the femora very slightly thickened, simple,
without spines, or protuberance. Abdomen uniformly black, broad, oval,
arched. Sub-marginal cell open. ‘Third longitudinal vein nearly straight,
small cross vein quite oblique, beyond the middle of discal cell.

Allied to Brachypalpus, but differs in the simple unarmed femora, and
the broad, short body.

Hadromyia grandis, sp. nov., 2. Brassy black,fshining. Front black,
covered with gray pollen, and (except below) with short yellow pile,
slightly intermixed with black at the vertex. Antenne reddish brown,
blackish toward the base. Face a dull whitish yellow, cheeks black, shin-
ing. Dorsum of thorax from in front of the wings and pleurae thickly
covered with short yellow pile. Posterior half of thorax, scutellum, and
first three segments of abdomen with thick, short, black pile ; fourth and
fifth segments of abdomen with longer yellow pile, abdomen scarcely
longer than thorax. Legs black with short black pile; knees slightly
reddish, anterior tibiae in front, the tips of posterior tibiae behind and
anterior and posterior tarsi, with short thick golden pile; middle tarsi
reddish. Wings hyaline ; costal cell and stigma yellow ; posterior cell
petiolate. L.c.23 mm. L.al. 17 mm. Width of head and thorax 6
mm.; of second segment of abdomen 8% mm, One specimen. Wash-
ington Territory (H. K. Morrison).

? Brachypalpus pulcher, sp. nov., § 2. Face yellow with black
cheeks, and with or without blackish or brown narrow median stripe ;
frontal triangle of the male yellow or fuscous ; front in the female black,
rather narrow, a little broader below, yellow pollinose on the sides, pile
short, fuscous. Eyes of male with enlarged facets above. Antennae yel-
lowish brown or black, first two joints short, third obliquely oval, of a
lighter color near the base below. Dorsum of thorax and scutellum
black, with a bluish or partly metallic reflection, or in better preserved
specimens a metallic bronze, the pile of dorsum more fulvous, on post-
alar callosicies, scutellum and pleurae, yellow. Abdomen of a brilliant
golden or bluish bronze, with short golden pile and opaque black markings
as follows : first segment except the sides, second segment on the anterior

80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

part, and a band beyond the middle of about the same width, somewhat
angulated in front, third segment similar, except the anterior border may
be quite narrow and the cross band sub-interrupted, fourth segment in
male wholly bronze, concealing the hypopygium, in female with very nar-
row front border and narrow interrupted cross band ; the black is attenu-
ated on the sides, not quite reaching the lateral margins. Legs yellow,
femora rather stout, anterior and middle pairs mostly brownish or black,
sometimes prevailing yellow blackish above, posterior femora varying from
a blackish ring near the base, to almost wholly black, below with short
black bristly hairs near this end ; three last joints of tarsi black. Wings
smoky hyaline, stigma yellowish brown, small cross vein near outer third
of discal cell. Long c. 12-16 mm., 10 specimens. Mt. Hood, Oregon;
Washington Territory (H. K. Morrison).

The fasciate abdomen of this species differs from all known Brachy-
palpi; the spines below the hind femora are also quite small. Its pilosity
will hardly allow it to be placed with Xy/ofa; besides, the face is not so
receding as in that genus. ‘The structure of the head is very much like
the preceding genus. Its resemblance to Sterphus Ph. (1. c.) from Chili, is
quite as great.

Eugeniamyia gen. nov. Allied to Brachyopa, but differs in the face being
tuberculate, not carinate, rather more produced and less truncate, and in
the abdomen being long as in Xy/o¢a. There are also well developed
scutellar, postalar, dorsopleural and mesopleural bristles. *

Lugeniamyia rufa, sp.nov., {. Red. Head and antennae yellowish red,
first two joints of antennae very short, third joint sub-quadrate, arista
plumose. Dorsum of thorax darker, almost brownish red, with very short
black hairs, and with two rather broad pollinose stripes, abbreviated
behind, and enclosing in front a black spot not reaching the suture.
Pleurae with sparse yellowish white pile. Abdomen narrower than the
thorax and much longer, nearly bare, shining, somewhat blackish towards
the end. Legs red, basal joints of tarsi yellowish, terminal joints black-
ish, femora considerably swollen, with tufts of yellowish white pile below
near the base, the middle and more especially the posterior pairs and pos-
terior tibiae with sparse short bristle-like spines. Wings clouded with
brownish on the anterior part, sub-hyaline behind. L c. 14 mm.; 1. a.
ro mm. One specimen, Washington Territory (H. K. Morrison).

* See Osten Sacken: ‘‘An Essay of Comparative Chaetotaxy,” Mitth. d. Mun-
chener Ent. Ver., 1881.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. XIV. LONDON, ONT., MAY, 1882. No. 5

ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS.

“ LONG-STINGS.”

BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA, ONT.

Among the conspicuous insects which attract the attention of even
non-entomologists, there are few more interesting in their structure and
habits, as well as in their relations to other groups, than the large “ long-
sting” ichneumons with their long triple “tails.” Our two largest species
belong to the genus Rhyssa (of the Hymenoptera), and as, so far as I am
aware, no accounts of them have yet been published in the ENTOMOLO-
Gist, a brief description of their appearance and habits may not be
undesirable.

They may be easily distinguished from their relatives (often their
victims), the “ horn-tails ”—Uroceridee—as they are much more slender
in body and appendages. ‘The female, readily determined by the extra-
ordinary development of the ovipositor, has the abdomen stouter than that
of the male, with the posterior segments dilated and curved under, and
bearing the ovipositor, which is constructed essentially of the same parts
as is that of a “ horn-tail,” only that they are greatly lengthened.

The head, in shape like a short segment of a cylinder, slightly convex
before and concave.behind, bears on its rounded front a pair of large
eyes, from between which spring the long slender antennz. The head is
joined by a small neck to the thorax, which is strongly built and supports
two pairs of long narrow wings, as well as the six very long and slim, yet
strong, legs. The segment of the abdomen which adjoins the thorax is
much less in diameter than the succeeding ones.

The male has a long cylindrical abdomen tapering gradually to the
extremity. This, in connection with the prominent head and narrow
wings, gives him, especially when in flight, a considerable resemblance to
a dragon-fly, from which, however, he is at once distinguished by his long
antenne and shorter hinder wings.

82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

In these insects, as in the Uroceridz, the hinder-wing has upon its
anterior margin a row of minute hooks with which to hold the posterior
border of the front one. The number of the hooks is, however, much
less, there being only about a dozen scattered along the outer half of the
wing.

Of our two species the larger and handsomer is #. atrata, of which
my specimens vary in length from a little over one and one-quarter inches
to nearly two. The head is a rich yellow, with the exception of the eyes
and a slight band, bearing the ocelli, on the vertex. The slender antenne,
_ about an inch long, are also yellow, as, likewise, are the extremely long
legs, with the exception of the upper joints of the posterior pairs. The
thorax and abdomen are black. The wings, which expand from two to
two and three-quarter inches, are transparent, but with a dark smoky
tinge. The female is furnished with an ovipositor from four to five and
one-half inches in length ; flattened and scarcely stouter than a hair.

R. lunator is more common, at least in this vicinity, and varies much
more in size, the largest specimens being fully twice as big as the lesser
ones. The body varies in length from three-quarters of an inch to one
and one-half inches, and bears at its posterior extremity an ovipositor
projecting from one and one-half to three and three-quarter inches.

The head is yellow with a dark band, in which are inserted the three
ocelli, between the eyes, parallel to which runs another dark line which
almost encircles the head. Lines also run from the base of the antennze
to the mandibles. The slender antennz are dark at the base but get
lighter toward the tip. The thorax and abdomen are dark brown, orna-
mented with lines and borders of yellow, which is also the color of the
legs. The wings (front pair) expand from one and one-quarter to two
and one-half inches, and have a quadrangular dark patch on the anterior
border.

The larve of both “long-stings” feed upon those of the Uroceridz
and other wood-borers, in which the female ichneumon deposits her eggs
by means of the long ovipositor. The method of performing this oper-
ation may often be witnessed during the summer by visiting beech trees
in which Tremex larvae are at work, but it is difficult to describe clearly
its accomplishment and the different postures of the insect during the
progress of her laborious and dangerous duty. A series of good drawings
would best convey a correct idea of the process, but I do not know of any
book in which such are to be found, while some illustrations are very
inaccurate, For instance, I saw the other day in a text book of zoology

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83

an ichneumon depicted with her ovipositor fully inserted in the tree and
with the szde-pieces or sheaths sticking straight out behind her. Such an
attitude is altogether unnatural, and I am convinced that in that position
she would be powerless to extract the ovipositor.

Selecting a suitable tree, if we find no ichneumons at work, we may
shortly see one flying strongly and noisily through the sunny woods and
settling upon the bark where perforations mark the exits of previous occu-
pants. Here she runs around until she finds a promising spot, as, for
instance, the hole made by a Tremex in depositing her egg. Placing
herself so that the tip of her abdomen will be above the orifice to be
probed, she makes herself as tall as possible, and, by elevating her abdo-
men and curving under the ovipositor, succeeds in inserting the tip of the
latter in the hole.

If the dorsal surface of the abdomen be examined, there will be
observed, between the sixth and seventh segments, a gap closed by a
whitish membrane. This marks an admirable contrivance to enable the
insect to use her seemingly unwieldy weapon, for the membrane is capable
of being so dilated as to form a cavity in the posterior part of the abdo-
men, in which can be coiled a large portion (more than one-third) of the
Ovipositor, which thus becomes perpendicular under the insect, where it is
guided and supported by the sheaths which bend up in loops over her
back. By vigorous muscular contractions of the sac, the delicate ovi-
positor is slowly forced down the larva’s burrow, often to its full extent.
If a larva be reached an egg is deposited in it, and the ovipositor is
slowly withdrawn in a similar manner. ‘This, however, the insect is
frequently unable to accomplish, and remains struggling until some bird or
tree-toad snaps her up, or she perishes from exhaustion.

I have seen a large &. atrata with her ovipositor (five and one-quarter
inches long) inserted four and one-half inches into a beech, so firmly that
it was only by careful and vigorous pulling that I extracted it uninjured.

The insects are to be found during the latter part of the summer ; ‘2,
lunator, as already mentioned, being much the more abundant.

On the last day of June, 1879, while collecting in a grove just beyond
Rideau Hall, I stopped to examine a dead tree for bark and fungi beetles,
and was bottling a fine Penthe pimelia, when the rustling of insect wings
above me attracted my attention. Looking up I saw several specimens
of Zunator flying about the trunk, and a circuit of the tree with closer
inspection showed many others walking about on the bark or in various

84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

stages of the act of ovipositing. ‘The tree was a large one, about two feet
in diameter, from which the top had been broken off ata height of thirty
or forty feet. The rugged bark was dotted all over with /unators, often
massed in rows or patches, so that there must have been several hundred’
upon the tree, forming an unusual and most interesting spectacle. The
great majority were females, but a number of males were also present.
While I was consigning to my bottle a few specimens, a large woodpecker
settled upon the opposite side of the tree and began to rapidly thin the
ranks of the helpless insects, whose mission, like that of the woodpecker,
is the destruction of wood-boring larvae.

A year later, being in the same locality, I visited this tree and found
again a number of ichneumons engaged in the performance of their duty,
and also saw sticking out of the bark many ovipositors which had belonged
to unfortunate visitors of the previous summer.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF DEBIS
PORTLANDIA, Fapr.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

Ecc.—Obovoid, the base a little flattened, and under the middle
thereof is a slight rounded protuberance of lesser diameter; surface
smooth ; color greenish-white. Duration of this stage 4 to 6 days.

Youne Larva.—lJ.ength .13 inch; cylindrical ; head twice as broad
as any other segment, body tapering slightly from 2 to 13 ; each segment
from 3 to 12 several times creased, making 6 flat ridges, of which the
foremost one is broadest, and on this and the fifth ridge each is a minute
tubercle and rather long white hair, bent forward, the whole series forming
two subdorsal rows, one a little below the other, from 3 to 13; on the
middle of side a similar row, one hair to each segment and placed on the
second ridge, all of them bent forward ; lower down a third series, one to
each segment, placed on the fourth ridge, all bent down and back ; two
short hairs over each pro-leg; on segment 2 are four long hairs on each
side, nearly in line, two being subdorsal, the others lateral ; on 13 are
four hairs in cross tow, all curved back, and’ one on either side behind
these ; this segment is roundly excavated at extremity, making on either

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85

side a sharp point, which sends back a straight hair; color of body
whitish-yellow, in a few hours changing to pale green ; head sub-globose,
flattened and depressed at top, broadest at base, a little broader than high,
the vertices rounded, and on each a slight protuberance, with long curved
hair ; a similar hair a little below and nearer the suture, and two rows of
shorter hairs across face, four in upper, six in lower row ; surface corru-
gated ; color yellow, somewhat brown-tinted. Two days later, as the
body was changing to green, the head changed to yellow-green. Duration
of this stage 6 to 8 days.

After rst Moult.—Length .26 inch; cylindrical, tapering from 2 and
ending in two long, slender, blunt-tipped tails; color of body bright
green ; much covered with whitish tubercles mostly arranged in longitud-
inal rows, one being on either side the medio-dorsal line, one sub-dorsal,
one infra-stigmatal, and in the intervening spaces are many separated
tubercles ; each tubercle ends in a short, stiff white hair ; under side, legs
and pro-legs green ; head obovoid, truncated, well rounded on front. and
sides, depressed at top, the vertices rather high, each bearing a tapering,
roughly tuberculated process or horn, which is green with red tip; the
face much covered with white, conical, separated tubercles, arranged in
vertical rows ; ocelli black ; color of head green, rather darker than body.
To next moult 7 to 8 days.

After 2nd Moult. Length .44 inch; shape as at second stage ; color
light green ; the tubercles of the subdorsal line more prominent, more
yellow, and run from horns to tails ; another such row along basal ridge ;
head shaped as before, bright green, the horns long, tapering, green with
red tips. ‘To next moult 9 to 15 days, depending on the weather.

After 3rd Moult.—Length .52 inch; shape and color as at preceding
stage. To next moult 6 days, in case of a single larva which died soon
after the moult. All others have hibernated in stage following 3rd moult.

After 4th Moult, in Spring.—Length .6 inch ; color yellow-green ; in
addition to the dark green medio-dorsal stripe is another sub-dorsal, and
a second on mid-side, both narrow, scarcely more than lines. In 11 to
20 days the larve reached 5th moult.

After 5th Moult.—Length 1 inch, greatest breadth at segments 2 and
3, 13-100 inch, then tapering to extremity ; color as before. In about
ten days the larve reached maturity.

86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Mature Larva.—Length %, 1.2 inch, greatest breadth (in middle
segments) .16 inch; @ 1.4 in., gr. br. .17 inch ; the dorsum much arched
and sloping about equally either way from middle segments ; ending in
two small, short and slender tails ; each segment several times creased, the
front ridge so caused flattened and about twice as broad as any other, the
others equal and rounded ; covered with fine whitish tubercles, mostly
disposed in longitudinal rows, each bearing a short stiff hair ; color yel-
low-green ; on middle of dorsum a dark green band; on the edge of
dorsal area a yellow line to tail, and on upper side of this a dark green
line ; another such on middle of side ; along base a narrow yellow stripe ;
tails pink-tipped ; under side, feet and legs pale green; head obovoid,
well rounded on front and sides, the vertices high, each bearing a stout
tapering process or horn, tuberculated ; color yellow-green, the upper part
of horns red ; the sides of face bear many rather large, white, conical and
separated tubercles, disposed in oblique rows; ocelli brown; in one
position the largest is green with a brown rim, at other angles it is brown.
From 5th moult to pupation 15 to 16 days.

CuRYSALIS.—Length .6 in, ; greatest breadth, across base of wings
22, across abdomen .22 inch; cylindrical, the abdomen conical, the wing
cases considerably raised along dorsal side ; the head case short bevelled
transversely to a sharp edge, roundly excavated on the sides, the top
rather broad, very little incurved, the corners sharp but not produced ;
mesonotum prominent, angular, the apex rounded, carinated, the sides
flat and sloping ; color delicate green, sometimes blue-green, the ventral
side of abdomen lighter or whitish ; the top of head case and edges of
wing cases next dorsum cream color ; surface smooth, glossy.
of this stage 13 to 14 days.

The chrysalis much resembles that of Satyrus A/fe, the head case is
broader, sharper-edged, the mesonotum more angular and more promin-

ent, and the abdomen more protuberant on the dorsal side; the surface is
also smooth, with no granulations.

Duration

The caterpillar also somewhat resembles that of Satyrus Alofe, much
more than it resembles any of our species of Neonympha, except that the
head bears a pair of horns or processes, as do several of the Neonymphe,
whereas the head of A/ofe is round. The egg is quite unlike Satyrus, of
which I have seen several species, all having been rather cylindrical, with

vertical ribs. Whereas the egg of Portlandia is rounded and smooth, very
much as Neon. Canthus, but more ovoidal.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 87

In Say’s time, (about 1825), this insect was known only as Southern.
He says: “ It has not been found so far north as Pennsylvania.” Gosse,
in Canadian Naturalist, p. 246, 1840, mentions seeing an example in
Canada. Mr. Scudder, 1863, includes it among the butterflies of New
England, but says he has seen only a single specimen from N. E. I find
in my notes that it has been taken at Orono, Maine (I think by Prof.
Fernald), and on Mt. Holyoke, Mass., by Prof. H. W. Parker. At the
West, Lieut. Carpenter has sent it to me from Fort Niobrara, Neb. Gosse,
in his Letters from Alabama, p. 122, 1859, speaks of the butterfly (under
name of Hipparchia Andrvomacha) as common in Alabama, and mentions
its habit of frequenting the foot of a particular tree for many successive
days, and sallying out on any passing butterfly, and after performing
sundry circumyolutions, retiring to its chosen spot of observation again.
He regards it as particularly “ social and gamesome.”

Portlandia is not a very common species in this part of West Virginia,
probably because we have so little open forest at low elevation, the
mountains rising abruptly from very narrow strips of bottom land. It is
a forest species, not being found in the open fields so far as I have
observed. Apparently it must swarm in certain localities in other States.
Mr. Lewis Ullrich, of Tiffin, O., wrote me August, 1881, that ten days
before he had taken about 150 good specimens, and rejected many not
good, in a certain piece of woods near by, stating that they seemed to be
confined to this particular spot, and so far as he knew were unknown else-
where in that county. Mr. Ullrich, at my request, made another excur-
sion, and succeeded in obtaining a female which he tied in a bag over
grass, and so got a dozen eggs for me, 3rd Sept. From these I raised five
larve to maturity. I have myself found great difficulty in obtaining eggs
of Portlandia by this method, and have repeatedly failed. But twice
succeeded, and carried a few larve over winter, only to lose all before
chrysalis. Except in a single case, when the larva reached 4th moult 18th
Sept., and presently died, all I have bred have gone into lethargy soon ©
after 3rd moult. But the eggs have always been laid late in the season.
Two moults are passed in the spring, but probably 4 moults are all which
larvee of the summer broods require. I have taken the butterfly, in
different years, as early as 18th May, and through each month to 1st
Sept., and I apprehend there are three annual generations here, the first in
May, the second middle of July, the third late in August, as I have taken
fresh examples at these times, Say describes the caterpillar briefly, thus ;

88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

“The caterpillar is downy and bimucronate behind.” And the chrysalis :
“The pupa is suspended by the tail ; it is angulated, bimucronate on the
front.” Mucronate means in his glossary “ terminating in a sharp point.”
That will do for the caterpillar, as it is tailed, but the chrysalis is wrongly
described, its head case being square, without sharp points, or processes.
Bois. and Lec. give a very fair representation of the chrysalis after Abbot,
but the caterpillar is badly done, the head and its processes being quite
out of drawing. Boisduval’s description is drawn from the figure, not
from nature, and of course is wholly incorrect, and he remarks that the
two points which surmount the head spring up in the form of ears
(s’éléveut en forme d’ oreilles), as indeed they do, funnily enough, in the
cut. The face is as that of a grasshopper, and the “ ears ” are as of a
kangaroo, and the whole thing foreshadows a “gamesome and frolicsome”’
butterfly.

ON THE APHIDID OF FLORIDA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF NEW SPECIES.

BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLA.

(Paper No. 3.)

Section SIPHONOPHORINI.
Genus SIPHONOPHORA, Koch,

The species of this genus already described from North America are
as follows :
1. S. rudbeckie, Fitch.

2. ‘* ambrosia, Thomas.
3. “vos@,Reaum. A variety of this species I find here on culti-

vated roses and on the wild Cherokee rose. It differs very considerably
from Prof. Thomas’ description, and may be known as S. floride.

I submit following description :

S. ros@, var. florida, n. Ss.

Wingless female.—Length .07 inch. Elongate ovate; pale shining
green ; eyes red ; beak very pale and short, not reaching to middle coxe,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89

widening before tip, tip black ; antennze 7-jointed, reaching to base of
honey-tubes, annulated with brownish-red at joints; honey-tubes long,
reaching beyond tip of abdomen, pale greenish, very slightly infuscated at
tip ; style short, conical, pale green ; legs uniform pale green, feet very
slightly infuscated.

Winged individual.—Length .06 inch. Elongate ovate and shining
green. Vertex of head reddish ; eyes brown ; antennee reaching beyond
tip of abdomen, dark brownish black, excepting basal joints, which are
pale ; thorax shaded with brown ; abdomen pale; legs pale greenish yel-
low, knees black; wings hyaline, veins greenish yellow, discoidal vein

black.
4. S. avene, Fab.
5. “ viticola, Thomas. First detected here early in March on wild

grape vines growing in our swamps; later it becomes quite common on
cultivated vines.

6. S. setavia, Thos.

7. “ euphorbiea, Thos.

8. “ euphorbicola, Thos.

9. “ asclepiadis, Fitch. Very common here in early spring on
Asclepias cornutt.

10. S. erigeronensis, Thos.

11. “ cereopsis, Thos.

12. “ Jactuce, Linn. Occasionally found here on lettuce.

13. ‘* polygont, Walker.

14. ‘* salicicola, Thos.

15. “ verbene, Thos.

16. “ vubi, Kalt. Rarely found in early spring on under surface of
leaves of &. villosus.

£7.15 S. iptse, Kalt.

18. ‘ gerardie@, Thos.

19. ‘* heuchere, Thos.

20. ‘* cucurbite, Thos.

at. * tanaceti, Linn.

22. ‘¢ fragaria, Koch. Var. immaculata, Riley.

23. ‘* menthe, Buckton.

24. ‘ absinthit, Linn.

25. ‘* achyrantes, Monell.

26. ‘“* calendulla, Monell.

90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

27. S. tulipe, Monell.

28. ‘ crataezt, Monell.

29. ‘* sonchi, Linn. Syn. sonchella, Monell.

30. ‘ calendule, Monell.

aa.) tele, Monell,

32. ‘* lirtodendrt, Monell.

33. “ prunicola, Ashmead, Pacific Rural Press, 1881.
33. ‘ citrifoliz, Ashmead, Orange Insects. p. 65, 1880.

DIMORPHISM AMONG THE SIPHONOPHORA.

For many years dimorphism, viviparousness and parthenogenesis
among insects have attracted universal attention. Not only from the fact
of the rarity of their occurrence, when we take into consideration the
countless insect hosts of varied forms, sizes and colors that constitute
what may be termed the insect world; but to the biologist, the naturalist
and the philosopher, they are of the most profound and absorbing interest
as bearing upon some of the great unsolved questions of the day. <A
careful study of the economy of any one of the billions of animated
forms that exist around us, will certainly unfold some hidden truth, give a
glimpse, or reveal some knowledge of that mysterious, omnipotent and
almost unknowable force pervading the universe. And will not facts
derived from these studies enable mind—the supreme, the attainable—to
grasp truths unattainable without them? Since Darwin’s wonderful revel-
ations in regard to earthworms, I have had the profoundest respect for
them ; and as I pass on my way to my business in the early morning and
turn up with my foot their dwellings, disclosing their tortuous night work,
I feel like bowing to them and saying: Oh, wonderful earthworm! You,
too, are worthy of respect and admiration; for hast thou not during
countless cycles of ages been helping to build up and beautify the universe
and render it a fit habitation for man !

The subject under consideration has had the closest attention from
some of the more thoughtful students of Entomology in this country, as
well as in Europe. America may well feel proud of her investigators in
this particular field of research, among whom may be mentioned Benj. D.
Walsh, discoverer of dimorphism among the Cynipide ; H. F. Bassett, who
so ably continues the studies and adds to the discoveries respecting the
habits of this family, since Walsh’s death, We younger Entomologists
may well imitate the example of W. H. Edwards, whose very thorough

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. , 91

and able investigations and experiments with the diurnal Lepidoptera have
thrown such a flood of light on dimorphism and what really constitutes
‘a species ;” and last, but not least, Prof. C. V. Riley’s similar discoveries

among the Phylloxeree and Pemphiginz. All have done much towards
elucidating the vexed question.

Among the Aphidide proper, although it has often been suspected in
America, no recorded instance of dimorphism among them, that I am
aware, exists. The discovery of its occurrence in the Orange Aphis,
Siphonophora citrifolit, described by me in my pamphlet on “ Orange
Insects,” in the fall of 1880, therefore is of great interest, and no doubt will
prove such to many readers of the Can. ENToM,

From observations made this year I find that from an egg laid by a
fall oviparous female hatch the brown-black and black winged male and
winged viviparous female, which I describe as follows:

Young. —Length .o2 inch. Dark greenish brown, with dark eyes and
glassy white antennz and legs.

g.—Length .o4 inch. Color brown and_ brown-black; antennz
brown, legs pale or yellowish, posterior femora slightly shaded above with
brown or black ; feet reddish ; nectaries shorter than in female; wings
hyaline, stigmal spot pale.

These are rare among the first broods, and afterwards almost or entirely
disappear.

2 Apterous.—Length .o5 to .06 inch. Broadly ovate. Dark brown-
ish black. Head between antennz reddish; antennz 7-jointed, pale
yellowish, apical ends of joints 3, 4 and 5 brown, 6th shortest, 7th long,
setaceous ; legs pale yellow, latter two-thirds of femora brownish or
blackish, tips of tibiz and claws brown; nectaries slightly thickest at
base, black and cylindrical ; cauda distinct. ;

2. Winged viviparous. Length.o6 inch. Color black and shining;
eyes red-brown, tubercles of antennee black, vertex of head reddish ;
rostrum reaching back of middle coxe ; antennze not quite reaching to
tip of abdomen ; abdomen variable, brown-black, brown or olive-green ;
nectaries long, cylindrical and black; cauda long and recurved, dark ;
wings hyaline, stigma rather broad, brown, obliquely sharpening to a point
at outer edge towards apex; stigmal vein strongly curved, three oblique

veins, the third forked ; hind wings with two oblique veins, in some speci-
mens but one. :

92 .THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

I have watched these viviparous females breed on my orange trees,
and the rapidity with which this is done is simply astonishing. In a few
days broods upon broods, or young colonies, seem to exist on all the
tender new leaves and shoots, and still the parthenogenetic young keep
coming. Verily, if it were not for the chalcid flies, ichneumons and other
parasites, they would be the death of the trees. By the middle of March.
a change takes place in the broods. The young differ from their parents
in shape, color and size! So different are they as to discredit belief, and
had I not watched them breeding day by day on my orange trees, I should
have felt justified in describing them as a distinct species. They are
undoubtedly a dimorphic form, and I give below a description :

Dimorphic, viviparous, apterous female.—Length .o8 to .og inch.
Elongate ; color a uniform pale pea-green, with more or less of a longi-
tudinal shading of a darker green on dorsum, with the surface more or
less corrugated ; eyes bright red, with a prominent facet or ocellus spring-
ing out from hinder edge of same, giving it a toothed like appearance ;
antennz 7-jointed, pale glassy green, in mature specimens the tip from 5th
joint is reddish ; legs of the same uniform pale green, with only feet red ;
abdomen at tip somewhat pointed ; nectaries very long and thin, slightly
curved, slightly swollen in middle, and pale green ; cauda small, conical.
Beak does not quite reach to tip of middle coxe.

The winged form agrees in every respect with above description, and
can only be distinguished by having wings, the veins of which are very
pale. These are rare, the majority being wingless.

The mature viviparous female continues breeding and can often be
found surrounded by from 20 to 30 pale green young; occasionally a
brown one will be found among them. ‘These continue breeding for
several generations, ultimately giving place to the original type, and by
the last of April none can be found. Why this change of form occurs is
yet a mystery, and needs further investigation. ‘Towards the end, all seem
to be parasitized by a Zyioxys, TZ. testaceipes Cresson, which thoroughly

eradicates them.

34. S. solanifelit, n. sp.

Wingless female.—Length .12 inch. Elongate ovate and of a pale
yellowish green color ; beak short, not reaching middle coxe, pale, tip
black ; antennz 7-jointed, slightly reaching beyond abdomen, situated on
large tubercles, pale greenish, joints infuscated, 6th joint shortest, dark,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93

7th longest, brown ; eyes red ; honey tubes very long, reaching consider-
ably beyond abdomen, slightly thickened at base, infuscated at tip ; style
short, conical, greenish ; cox shining and yellowish, feet black.

gf. Length .o5 inch. Black. Beak reaching to middle cox, apical
half black ; antennze black, hardly reaching to middle of abdomen ; honey
tubes rather short, black ; all coxae black, anterior and middle legs pale
greenish, tips of tibiae and feet black, posterior pair, excepting apical half
of femora, which is greenish, brown.

Only two males were secured out of hundreds of apterous individuals,
and these are remarkable for being so much smaller than the females.

Found feeding on the Pepper Vine, So/anum jasminoides.

THE HOP-VINE BORER.
BY CHARLES R. DODGE, WASHINGTON, D. C.

The casual reader, calling to mind only the half dozen hop-vines
usually seen about the kitchen garden, or trailing upon some farm out-
building, can hardly realize the possible losses to hop growers by insects.
According to the last census (for 1879) New York State alone had over
39,000 acres in hop yards, producing nearly 22 millions of pounds of
hops, which, at an average of 28c. per lb., would aggregate a value of over
six million dollars. Bearing these figures in mind, with an annual loss of
Io per cent. from only one insect—the hop borer—(and 25 to 50 per
cent. of injury has been reported) a loss of $600,000 would result in this
single State.

With such a destructive agent in the hop field, is it not a little-singular
that there is little or nothing “in the books” on the subject, and that the
pest is in all probability an unknown and undescribed species? Iam not
able to give its name—Prof. Comstock writes me he is working it up—but
as I have accumulated a mass of interesting data on the subject in my
census work, I deem it proper to make known now the experience of
intelligent growers in different sections of the country, for the benefit of
those who have not yet learned how to fight the pest, leaving the scientific
name and details of habits and natural history to be supplied hereafter.

The only mention that I can find of an insect boring into the crown
of the hop plant, in the manner set forth by my numerous correspondents,

94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

occurs on page 33 of the Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario
for 1872, by Rev. C.J. S. Bethune. As an appendix to his paper on Hop
Insects, he gives descriptions of an unknown larva feeding ‘upon the crown
of the root,” and which he was unable to rear. The size of the larve and
the general points of description agree so well with the unscientific
descriptions given by my correspondents, the growers, that I unhesitatingly
pronounce them to be the destructive hop borers, which are the subject
of this paper. :

The pest has been known to cultivators of the hop for many years—
indeed it is reported from Oneida county that it has always been known
in the locality—and other hop growing districts have felt its presence for
longer or shorter periods. In Juneau county, Wisconsin, it was first
noticed in 1867, while the observer in Waupaca county had not noticed it
prior to 1881. The percentage of destruction varies in different sections
from almost nothing, where kept under control, or yards are new, to 25,
50, and even a greater percentage where the yards are old, badly infested,
or not looked after. These facts lead a New York grower to state, in his
opinion, that it is best to abandon yards after six or eight years’ culture,
and change to new ground, for “ grubs will get into a yard after two or
three years, gradually increase, and in eight or ten years spoil the yard.”
Other growers contend that only the yards of the ignorant and shiftless are
ever damaged to any extent by the borer.

I shall not attempt to give a description of the larva here further than
to say that all correspondents agree in the statement that it is an inch and
a quarter to an inch and a half in length, and three-sixteenths to one-fourth
inch in diameter at maturity, whitish or light gray in color with a dark head.

As soon as the vines start from the ground in May and June, and when
but a few inches high, the mother insect begins the attack by depositing
her eggs upon them. The subsequent injury is thus described by Mr.
Pierpont, a large grower of Ontario county :

‘The warm sun hatching the egg deposited in the head of the hop
vine, soon after it is out of the ground, it soon becomes a lively worm
about one-fourth of an inch in length, subsisting upon the sap of the vine.
It leaves the head of the vine soon after hatching, enters the ground, bores
to the centre of the vine and works up an inch or two, finally locating
where the vine starts from the crown, eating at this point and at the crown
until the vine is nearly or quite destroyed, and the crown weakened by
water getting in, causing decay, and finally the destruction of the entire hill.”

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 95

Another report states that the insect begins work in the latter part of
June by eating into the tender vines where they start from the old crown
or bed root ; and unless prevented, will eat the vine entirely off, thus
destroying the crop ; “‘ many times they poison the root so that the whole
hill dies.” Old yards die from this cause more than any other, as the
borer prevails more in old than in newer ones.

Another grower states that the damage commences about the last of
May or first of June, when “ the head of the vine will appear slightly bent
or curved, if compared with sound ones. ‘The grub, after feeding a little
time in the heart of the head, drops to the ground and makes its way into
the heart of the vine below the surface of the ground, working deeper as
it grows larger. The vine wilts and finally dies.”

There is great diversity of opinion among growers as to the best means
of ridding a yard of these pests. A few take for granted that there is no
remedy, leaving the skunks to carry on the warfare alone; and right here
it may be stated that growers east and west speak most favorably of the
friendly offices of this much despised animal, in the hop yard. Salt is
mentioned by many growers asa remedy. It is put on after the vine has
become somewhat toughened, from middle to last of June, salt on the
tender new stalks killing them ina short time. Lime, ashes, sulphur, &c.,
are also recommended, but doubtless do little real good. Some growers
emulate the skunks by digging out the grubs, often doing more damage
than the pests themselves.

Mr. Pierpont says an experienced tyer of hops can tell at a glance the
head containing a worm, which is crushed in an instant, but this process
can only be practiced for a few days, as the worms leave the head soon
after hatching. Next to the crushing process a useful remedy is to hill the
hops as soon as possible and give the yard thorough cultivation. The
hilling causes fibrons roots to put out above the operations of the grub
and save to some extent the crop.

The most detailed statement of experience, and it seems to me the
best remedial agency or means of prevention, is furnished by Mr. J. F.
Clark, a grower of Otsego county, New York, who writes as follows :

When the vines are well up the poles, and at the first hoeing about the
last of May or first of June, the dirt should be carefully worked away from
the vine by the hoe; all the dirt remaining between the vines must be
carefully worked out with a sharpened stick, so that all the vines will be
left bare as low down as wherethey leave the bed root ; thus they become

96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

toughened by the weather and are not so attractive to the grub. Imme-
diately after this operation, a good handful of the following compost should
be applied directly aronnd the root and vine: Take equal parts of salt,
quick-lime and hen-manure ; place the lime on the floor first, and throw
on water enough to thoroughly slack it ; immediately spread the salt on
top, following with the hen-manure. When the lime is well slacked, mix
the whole thoroughly, and in a couple of weeks it will be ready for use, as
above. Do not hill up the hops until the latter part of July or first of ,
August, and the yard will not suffer any from grubs, but will remain clean
and free from weeds the remainder of the season. When yards are hilled
earlier than stated above, the grub sometimes works in them more than in
late hilled ones.

To return to the skunks. They seem to have acquired the digging-out
process to perfection—far better than the hop grower—as they are able to
dig around the hills without the least injury to the vines. In Juneau
county, Wisconsin, this little fellow—with an appetite for juicy grubs only
equalled in degree by the pungency of his perfume—is the only positive
remedy, as he works about the hop-hills or roots, cleaning out the worms
in a few nights. One grower says: ‘I have seen ten acres where not a
dozen hills would escape their little noses.”

It is worthy of note that in a majority of cases the growers report the
borer as the most injurious insect in the hop yard, not excepting the

hop-aphis.

*

LEAF-MINING ANTHOMYID/.

BY J. A. LINTNER, ALBANY, N. Y.

Among our American species of Anthomyidz, none have hitherto
been known as leaf-miners. Several are depredators on the roots of gar-
den vegetables, as indicated by the specific names of Anthomyia ceparum,
A. brassice and A. raphani (the onion fly, cabbage fly and radish fly) ;
some occur in excrementa, and one, a few years ago, was discovered as
preying upon the eggs of the Rocky Mountain locust. During last year
and the preceding a species (A. def@) which had been almost unknown
since its publication in 1860, has been seriously damaging the leaves of
beets, in England, by mining them in tortuous channels and large blotches,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 97

causing them to shrivel, dry up and die. In two counties alone, 1,624
acres of mangolds were infested (Ormerod). This last summer some
Anthomyiz larvze were discovered by me in Middleburgh, N. Y., exten-
sively mining the leaves of the garden beet ( Beta vulgaris). Judging from
published descriptions and figures, I believed it to be identical with the
European species of the same habits, and that it had been a recent
importation thence. Examples of the eggs, larve, puparia and flies were
sent by me to Mr. R. H. Meade, of Bradford, England, who has been
recently making special study of the Anthomians, and particularly of the
North American species, as may be seen in a paper in the March number
of the last volume (xiii) of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, giving the
result of his study of the collections in this family, belonging to the
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass. Mr. Meade finds,
among the examples which I sent to him, reared by me from my larval
collections at Middleburgh, no less than three distinct species—all differ-
ing from A. defe—two believed to be undescribed—and one identified as
Chortophila floccosa Macq. It seems somewhat remarkable that all these
should have been obtained from larve feeding at the same time, upon a
small garden bed of beets, containing about fifty square feet of surface.
The description and general history of the new species will probably be
given in my forthcoming Annual Report.

NOTES ON ISOSOMA ELYMI, FRENcu.

BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

In my notes in the March number of the Can. EnT., the idea is con-
veyed that this species obtained from the wild Canada rye grass, may
prove to be identical with the wingless form obtained by Prof. Riley and
myself from wheat stalks, and which Prof. Riley has since named in the
American Naturalist, Z Z7itici. At the same time doubt was expressed
as to their identity, because at the time of writing there were still larve in
the grass straws, while /. 777técd pupated in the fall, both in the breeding
jars and in the field. Since the article mentioned has appeared, I have

98 "THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

obtained from my grass stalks several more specimens, and I believe the
two forms to be entirely distinct. A specimen was sent to Prof. Riley,
upon the receipt of which he wrote as follows:

“Tt is undoubtedly distinct from /. Zritic?, as is shown not only by the
greater length, stouter body, darker color of the antennal scape and con-
stancy of the winged form, but also by the punctuation (most markedly),
by the shape of the mesothoracic scutum, and by the color of the meso- |
scutar parapsides. It comes in fact nearer to Horded than to 77itict,
though, as you say, it is well distinguished from the former by the
punctuation.”

Five specimens were obtained. These measured: two .12, one .14
and two .15 of an inch in length, and all were winged females, the male
not being as yet known. The body robust, much like Horde, the head
and thorax rather coarsely punctured, but less so than in Hordetz. The
scape of the antennz black, the rest brownish black; legs black, the
articulations and feet, except the last joint, tawny, the tibiz scarcely
lighter than the femars and trochanters. Spoton side of prothorax and
tips of ovipositor tawny. This is less hairy than 777#ic/, more in that
respect like Horde:. It may be stated here also that it differs from Horde:
in the place where the larve are found, these being on the interior of the
culm in the central hollow, and making no galls, while the larvae of Hordet
are found in galls in the outside tissue of the culms.

CORRESPONDENCE.

- THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LUNA.
DEAR SIR,—

On the evening of the 12th of April, being at the residence of Mr.
J. Johnston, a noise proceeding from his hatching box attracted his atten-
tion. Upon looking for the cause, he found a Luna just emerged, the
fifth from a batch of nine cocoons which he had raised from the egg. Its
body and wings seemed to be quite dry, and were a pure downy white,
with the exception of the costal band, which appeared disproportionately

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 99

large, and a minute dark speck for the eye spot. It was remarkably
active and did a great deal of rapid travelling before it came to rest, which
it did at last quite suddenly on the end of a twig, and then never moved
except to better secure its foothold. Mr. Johnston placed it in a suitable
position under the full light of the lamp, that we might watch its progress
to maturity. The first change noticed was the appearance of a bright
green spot near the base of the front wing, and as that enlarged the wing
expanded, very slowly at first, but more rapidly as it increased in size, the
green coloring matter flowing along between the upper and under mem-
brane of the wing, becoming more delicate in its shade as it spread first
along the front of the wing, and had reached the apex before it extended
through the inner half; but by the time it had touched the extremity of
the whole outer angle the size, form and color of the wing were complete.

In the meantime the hind wing had not yet doubled its original size,
with the part from which the tail was to come showing as a slight break
on an otherwise even edge ; the same routine was followed in the devel-
opment of the hind wing as in that of the front, and by the time the
broad part of the wing had attained its full size, the tail was a little more
than half an inch long and very much crumpled. This was the last part
to expand, but as the fluid passed into it, it also took size and form. The
whole time occupied in the operation, from first seeing it until it was com-
pleted, was about one hour and three quarters. -

J. Atston Morrat.

DEAR SIR,—

I send the following from my Entomological notes : October ro, 1881,
I discovered a male Preris rapae coupling with a female Pieris protodice.
I placed over them a wire screen, as they were in a bunch of mustard.
Next morning I discovered that the male was dead. The female soon
deposited (in open day) her eggs on the mustard plants. ‘They hatched
out and a part of them moulted the second time, but they finally all
perished.

On Dec. 27, 1881, and February 15, 1882, I disturbed some boards
in my garden, when a female A/etia argilacea in each case flew out. They
were captured ; the first was perfect, the latter not quite fresh. As this
has been the most remarkably warm winter we ever experienced in Wis-
consin, it is not strange that the A/efia could survive. On Feb. 15th the

100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

farmers were plowing, bluebirds, robins, meadow-larks, red-headed wood-
peckers and cedar birds were numerous.
P. R. Hoy, Racine, Wisconsin.

REMARKS ON THE DESCRIPTION OF CAPIS CURVATA, GROTE.
Dear Sir,—

In Vol. xiv of the CaNapIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, at p. 20, Mr. A. R.
Grote described Capis curvata, n. g. et sp. As a generic description
this is certainly an extraordinary specimen of incomplete work. The
species might be recognized, but the genus certainly can not be from the
description. Genera are supposed to be based only on structural char-
acters, and I presume that the remarks on structure contained in the
description referred to, apply to the genus. Let us see of what these
consist : ‘‘ Antennz simple ”—an unimportant generic character, for many
of the genera have the antennz of its species both simple, ciliate and
pectinate. ‘‘Ocelli.”—Considering that there are 250 or more genera to
which this can be applied, this does not help us much. “ Labial palpi
moderately projected, 3rd article short, a little depending.”—This will
apply to the majority of the Deltoidz, and to many of the other genera ;
how they are projected, whether curved upwards or straight, Mr. Grote
does not say ; neither does he state how the palpi are clothed—a very
important character in the Deltoide. ‘The form and outline of Zisyr-
hypena* (? Sisyrhypena), but the wings shorter and broader.” What form
and outline has Sisryhypena? Is the student expected to hunt up the
description of that genus, only to find that the wings of that genus are
compared with that of some other ?

No one knows better than Mr. Grote the essentials of a good generic
description, but he entirely omits any reference to the eyes, whether hairy,
lashed or naked ; there is no mention of the tibiz, whether spinulated or
not ; no mention of the character of the vestiture, whether hairy or scaly,
and nothing said of the tuftings, if any, or whether they are entirely absent.

There is doubt and trouble enough to assail the student in the older
works, without adding to his burdens such descriptions as that of Cats,
and expecting him to recognize it.

Joun B. Smitu, New York.

* Lisyrhypena was a typographical error. It should have been Stsyrhypena.—ED.
Crk

Che Canadian Entomologist.

Wits AV LONDON, ONT., JUNE, 1882. No. 6

THE PICKLED FRUIT FLY—DROSOPHILA
AMPELOPHILA, Loew.

BY G. J. BOWLES, MONTREAL.

In August, 1879, I met with a small Dipterous fly, Drosophila
ampelophila Loew, in considerable numbers, and as the subject is of
interest to entomologists, I give the result of my observations. I have to

Fig. 10.—Dyrosophila ampelophila: Fly and Wing. Fig. 11.—Drosophila ampelophila:
Magnified 10 diameters. a, Larva; 4, Pupa. Magnified 7 diameters.

thank Professor Hagen, of Cambridge, for the determination of the species
and other information, and also Professor Lintner, of Albany, for a copy
of his article in the “Country Gentleman” of rst Jan’y, 1880, on this
insect, and from which I have largely drawn.

With regard to the genus, Professor Lintner says : “ Twenty-five North
American species of Drosophila are catalogued, which have all, with the
exception of three species common to Europe and America, been
described by Dr. Loew, the distinguished Prussian Dipterist, and Mr.
Walker, of the British Museum. They have not been studied by our
American entomologists, and consequently nothing is known of their
habits. I find no reference to a single determined species by any of our
writers.” In the ‘‘ American Naturalist,” vol. 2, page 641, an unknown
species of Drosophila is noticed as infesting apples, preferring the earlier
varieties. The larve penetrate the interior of the apple in every direction,
and if there are several working together, render it quite unfit for use.

102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Dr. Packard, in his “Guide,” page 415, figures an unknown species as
the “ Apple Fly,” which is believed to be the above species. Mr. Walsh
in vol. 2 of the “ Practical Entomologist,” also gives a brief notice of a
larva supposed to be that of a species of Drosophila, and which also were
injurious to an apple crop in Vermont to the extent of about half its
value, by boring the fruit in every direction.

Professor Lintner further says: ‘‘ The different species of Drosophila
vary considerably in their habits, as we learn from European writers ; and,
indeed, the same species seems often to occur under apparently quite
different conditions. The larve of the European D. ce//aris occur in
fermented liquids in cellars, as wine, cider, vinegar and beer, and also in
decayed potatoes. WD. aceti Kol. infests decayed fruits. Its larvae occupy
about eight weeks in attaining their growth, and their pupal state lasts for
ten or twelve days. The flies appear in May and June. WD. funebris has
been reared from pupa taken from mushrooms. It is sometimes known
as the vinegar fly. Another European species, D. flava, is stated by
Curtis to mine the leaves of turnips, raising blister-like elevations on their
upper surface.”

The present species, D. ampelophila, is described by Loew in his
Centuria Secunda (Dipt. Amer. Sept. indigena), No. 99, page 101. It is
exceedingly common (Professor Hagen states) in the southern parts of
Middle Europe and in Southern Africa, but the only localities given for it
in America, in Loew and Osten Sacken’s Catalogue, are the District of
Columbia and Cuba. Professor Lintner, however, has bred it in New
York ; it also occurs in Pennsylvania, and now Montreal must be added
to the list. I also think, from observations made in Quebec, that it, or an
allied species, is found there. At any rate, this immense area of distri-
bution for such an insignificant insect is very remarkable.

Like the other species of this genus, and so many other dipterous
insects, the larva of ampelophila feeds on decaying or fermenting vegetable
matter. Professor Lintner bred it from pickled plums; in Pennsylvania
it fed on decaying peaches, and I found it in pickled raspberries. An
earthenware jar had been nearly filled with this fruit and vinegar, prepared
by the good housewife for the purpose of making that favorite drink (in
Canada at least) called raspberry vinegar. On opening the jar about ten
days afterwards (16th August, 1879) it was found to be swarming with the
larvee and cocoons of the insect. Hundreds of the larve were crawling
on the sides of the jar and the under side of the cover, while pupz were

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103

found abundantly, singly and in clusters, particularly where the cover
touched the top of the jar. The short time required for the production
of so many individuals was surprising. I half filled a covered tumbler
with the pickled raspberries and larve, and they continued to produce
flies for several weeks. I regret not having more attentively observed the
exact time required for the different stages, and can only say that its
growth from the egg must be very rapid, and its pupal state does not last
longer than ten or twelve days.

The larve, when full grown, are nearly one-fourth of an inch long,
somewhat tapering towards the head, which is small; and are sparsely
covered with minute hairs, particularly on the divisions of the segments.
They have no feet, but can travel quite rapidly on glass, seeming to retain
their hold by a glutinous condition of the skin, and moving by extending
and contracting their bodies. They seemed to exist with ease either in
the vinegar or the air, moving through the former in search of food, and
sometimes coming out of it, and either resting or moving about on the
glass sides of the vessel. Their bodies were quite transparent, and under
the microscope their internal organs could easily be seen. At both ends
of their bodies are curious projections or tubercles, which are also seen in
the pupa.

The puparium is about three-sixteenth inch long, oval in shape, and
yellowish brown in color, with the tubercles at head and tail before
referred to.

The fly measures about one-eighth of an inch in length, with a large
rounded thorax, long legs, and broad iridescent wings. The whole insect
is yellowish in color, and very hairy, even to the proboscis. Some of the
hairs on the head bear three or four branches. The wing forms a very
beautiful object for the microscope.

Last year the flies were attracted to some raspberry wine in process of
fermentation, hovering about the jars and alighting upon the corks, evi-
dently seeking for an opening through which they might pass to lay their
eggs. It is doubtless in this way that fruit is attacked by this or some
allied species. The minute fly effects an entrance beneath a not closely-
fitting lid, and deposits its eggs on the fruit, or upon the side of the jar,
whence the young larve make their way to the fruit, or find their susten-
ance in the liquid.

During the past summer I was desirous of again testing the matter.
A few raspberries, with a small quantity of vinegar, placed in a pickle

104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

bottle with a loose cover, were quite sufficient. A fortnight afterwards, a
number of larve were seen in the bottle, and several pupz were attached
to its sides. Absence from home, however, interfered with the carrying
out of the experiment. It could easily be tried this season by some of
our entomologists, and the time required for the transformations of this
curious fly be determined, as well as the further extent of its distribution.

The outline drawings were made under the microscope, and give a
fair idea of the insect. Every part of the fly is covered with hairs of dif-
ferent lengths, as indicated in the figure. ‘The branched hair on the head
is faithfully copied from a specimen, but in others it was not so largely
developed. The wings are beautifully edged with hairs, and the membrane
is also studded with them. The fly was drawn in the position given, so as
to show its extremely long legs, and the curious shape of the thorax and
abdomen.

REMARKS ON AGONODERUS COMMA Fas., PALLIPES Fas.,
RUGICOLLIS J.ec., AND TACHYCELLUS (Bradycellus)
ATRIMEDIUS Say.

BY JOHN HAMILTON, ALLEGHENY, PA.

Experience in exchanging Coleoptera shows that the first two and the
last of these forms are greatly confused in collections. Their appearances
are so similar as easily to deceive, and they are only to be separated by a
close observance of two or three characters. Comma and atrimedius are
abundant here, and fadlipes is not rare. Comma and fallipes are usually
confounded, the former being labelled pad/ipes ; and atrimedius is often
marked fallifes also. The typical comma has a black vitta on each
elytron extending from the first to the fifth stria, which does not reach the
apex, and may be more or less abbreviated anteriorly. The vitta on each
elytron is therefore separated by a yellow suture. The scutellar stria is
long. The typical padlipes has a broad black vitta on the disk of the
elytra extending from the fourth stria on one side to the same on the
other, and not separated by a yellow suture. It does not reach the apex
and may be abbreviated in front, in which case it is narrowed towards the
scutellum. The scutellar stria is short. ‘The thoracic characters are

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105

omitted here, being so inconstant as to be of no diagnostic value. Had
all the specimens of each species the typical coloration as given, recog-
nition by this character would be easy ; but the extent of variation is so
great as to render it absolutely useless. While I have not yet seen a
specimen of comma without the yellow suture, many specimens of fadllipes
occur with it where the broad elytral vitta is abbreviated and disintegrated
so as to form a short, narrow vitta on each side. The vitta of comma is
similarly reduced, and the separation by color becomes impossible. In
other specimens of each the colors are so suffused and blended as to
present no typical characters.

The length of the scutellar striz, then, is the only character to be
relied on for separation. That of comma is said to be dong; that of
pallipes, short. Neglect to define the relative lengths, no doubt, gives rise
to the confusion where the two species do not inhabit together, and
material is not at hand for comparison.

In failli~es this stria may be termed rudimentary. The examination
of near one hundred specimens shows it to be merely basal, and not to
extend notably along the plane of the elytron behind the commencement
of the declivity, while in comma it is quite conspicuous, and about half a
line in length.

Rugicollis is Californian. The scutellar stria is as in pallipes. The
typical specimens have a short black vitta on each elytron from before the
middle backwards, and occupying the 2nd, 3rd and 4th striz. Specimens
of pallipes occur with exactly the same marking. Apart from a certain
microscopic rugosity of the thorax, and a little less convexity of the
elytral interstices, both of which may be evanescent in a large series, I
see nothing to distinguish them, except locality.

Tachycellus (Brachycellus) atrimedius.—Many individuals of this
species simulate in the form of the thorax and in coloration of the elytra
specimens of the foregoing. The scutellar stria is as in fatlipes. This
at once distinguishes it from comma. Besides the generic character of the
mentum, the antennz and hind tarsi separate it from fad/ipes readily.
The three basal joints of the antenne are g/adrous, and the tarsi are dong
and marrow, the first joint being one-half longer than the second. In
pallipes, etc., the same tarsi are short, the joints broad and hairy. The
typical a¢rimedius has the hind angles of the thorax sharply rectangular,
but in many specimens they are considerably obtuse, and the four species

106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

approximate so closely in this respect in individuals that this character
fails.

The above forms can all be very satisfactorily determined where they
depart from typical marks, by the observance of the above characters,
which may be thus stated :

Hind tarsi sfor¢, joints not longer than wide.

Scutellar strize Jong. Comma.

. short. Pallipes.
‘“« Thorax usually finely rugose (California). Rugicollis.

Hind tarsi /ong, joints narrow, first one-hal/f longer than second.

Scutellar strize short. Three basal joints of antennze glabrous.

Tachycellus atrimedius.

This paper is not intended to touch on the question of whether the
three first mentioned are species, or at most, varieties. Say did not
separate pallifes and comma, the species now recognized as comma he
describes by the former name, and his variety B is the true padlipes Fab.,
according to the bibliography.

The American Entomologist, vol. iii, p. 154, states, as the opinion

of Dr. G. H. Horn, that comma and rugicollis are synonymous with
pallipes.

NORTH AMERICAN GEOMETRID:.
BY A. R. GROTE.

I have indicated in this short paper where the types of my Geometrid
species are to be found, to the best of my knowledge, and I have given
such additional information as I am possessed of with regard to the
species. I have followed the classification of Dr. Packard, except in a
few instances where I have found reasons to prefer other names. _I refer
to my paper, Can. Ent., 8, 152, for a review of the synonymy of certain
species. Two species, one described by Dr. Harvey (viz., Endropia
Warneri), have been re-named by Dr. Packard, who calls Dr. Harvey’s
species Afpiciaria. As to whether we must put the terminations ava and
ata (accordingly as the f antenne are pectinate or not) I cannot attempt
to decide. _I think it is advisable to bear this rule in mind when naming

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 107

species, but I would not change therefore any names already in use.
Especially do I think it unadvisable to place the termination after a proper
name. I should call the Zxdropia, E. Warneri, not H. Warneraria.

To the following names of our species the reference to the plate is
given where they have been figured. The type of Eutrape/a is the Euro-
pean Zunaria. I would therefore retain Gueneé’s name Choerodes for the
genus of which Zransversata is the type. With this, our highest Geo-
metrid, I would commence the family. Dr. Packard begins with the
lowest genera. The Brooklyn “Check List” is, in the main, a transcrip-
tion of Packard, and, in this family, reverses its ordinary procedure, which

is to commence with the supposed highest genera and end with the
lowest.

Letracis Lorata Gr. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 3, 91, 1864.

This is a well known insect, the most simply marked and delicately
colored of the genus, and also one of our largest species. The larva is
described by Mr. Goodell, Can. Ent. 9, 62. It was found on the Sweet
Fern ( Comptonia Asplenifolia). The moth is figured in Dr. Packard’s
Monograph. Unless the types are in the Philadelphia collection, I do
not know where they now are, the species being described so long

(eighteen years) ago. It is of little consequence, as there is no doubt
about it.

Tetracis Coloradaria G. & R., Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat, Hist., vol: 8,
1960720 h <2, fig. 4n151 9:

Dr. Packard figures the @, plate 12, fig. 47, and refers the moth to
Tetracis. The original figure is colored. The type may be in the Central
Park collection, and is then probably injured, as the “ Grote & Robin-
son” collection, deposited there, has had little attention. There is no
doubt as to the species, which is not rare in Western collections.

Drepanodes Puber G. & R., Ann. N. Y. Lyc. N. Hist., vol. 8, 1867,
pl. t, Gg. 15.2.

The original figure is colored. The type in my collection. Dr
Packard keeps our name, but the Brooklyn Check List puts aa after it
quite unnecessarily. Dr. Packard figures the f, plate 12, fig. 35. Ido
not know the female.

Drepanodes Sesquilinea Grote.
Dr. Packard figures the ¢ under the name varus, plate 12, fig. 36.

108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The ¢ type is in my collection from Alabama. Dr. Packard says: “A
careful examination convinces me that the males which I had heretofore
regarded as distinct from varus (labelled sesguclinea by Mr. Grote) are
really the males of D. varus, of which heretofore we have only had the
females.”

Drepanodes Varus G. & R., Ann. N. Y. Lyc. N. Hist., plate 15 A,
fig."2/ ¢.

The type, with that of aguosus, was not returned by Dr. Packard to
my recollection. The original figures of both are colored. They are
regarded as forms of one species by Dr. Packard, who refers his Fumzper-
aria as synonymous. I have little doubt that Dr. Packard is entirely
correct and that we have to do with a single variable species, which Dr.
Packard calls Varus, and which has received four names. The Brooklyn
“ Check List ” calls the species “ Varia,” which is entirely inaccurate, the
two words being quite distinct.

Endropia Vinosaria G. & R. Ann. N. Y. Lyc., pl. 15 A, fig. 4.

Identified by Dr. Packard with Mr. Walker’s Madusaria and Opone-
aria; probably also described by him as Astylusaria. We had previously
published the same facts, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. 1868, p. 15, after our visit to
the British Museum.

Endropia Arefactaria G. & R., Ann. N. Y. Lyc., pl. 15 A, fig. 7.

Larger than Amoenaria, of which in the Philadelphia collection I
determined specimens. Considered the same by Dr. Packard. Iam of
the opinion that it is a variety, but not strictly the same as Gueneé’s
species, which is smaller and brighter. I do not think that Dr. Packard
has seen the exact equivalent of Gueneé’s species because (as I recollect)
the Philadelphia specimens agreed fairly with his figure, while Dr. Packard
says his material does not agree with Gueneé’s figure, but perfectly with
his description. Dr. Packard’s figure is Avefactaria, agreeing with ours.

Lllopia Bibularia G. & R., Ann. N. Y. Lyc., pl. 15 A, fig. 8, &.

LEllopia Pellucidaria G. & R., Ann. N. Y. Lyc., pl. 15 A, fig. 9, 9.

Identified as sexes of one variable species by Dr. Packard and as
previously described by Walker as El/opia seminudaria. Dr. Packard
says: ‘‘If I had had Mr. Grote’s types alone of dibularia and pellucid-
aria §, I should have regarded them as distinct ; but with the addition
of other specimens of both sexes, I have felt compelled to unite them.”

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109

Our figures were colored and give a good idea of the species. I have not
seen the types since they were sent to Dr. Packard ; but they are now of
relatively little importance.

Lllopia Endropiaria G. & R., Ann. N. Y. Lyc. N. H., pl. 15 A, fig.
10, 2.

This distinctly colored species may be known by the greater number
of transverse lines and the strong angulation of the hind wings. Our
figure is colored. The type may be in the Central Park collection. There
can be no confusion as to the species.

Eucaterva Variaria Grote. |

This insect seems allied to Caterva Catenaria. The long linear black
and white palpi, shorter in the female, are peculiar. It has the appear-
ance of a C/eorta. Black and white. The male has a curved extra-basal
and a straight outer median blackish band, and discal mark on fore wings.
Ground white. The females are of two sorts; one white with sparse
black dots over costa at base and collar, and along external margin, and
singly elsewhere ; the other has the middle of the wing dead black. Fringe
spotted. Body white. Hind wings white, dotted or irrorate. Beneath
the same. Collected in Arizona ; collection of Mr. B. Neumoegen, who
has a magnificent collection of Lepidoptera, in many respects the finest
private collection I have had the opportunity to look over. The European
genus Zerene does not occur in our fauna.

Chloraspilates Arizonaria Grote.

I have relied on the pale antennal stem, the minute annular discal
marks and the obsolete t. p. line, to separate these from the Texan material
described by Dr. Packard. Collection of Mr. B. Neumoegen. I am
surprised that neither this genus nor Stevasfilates are acknowledged by the
Brooklyn “ Check List.” They have many exclusive characters.

Plagodis.

Two species differ by the wider wings being fuller at external margin
without the lower excision; the margin is angulate at the middle. In
P. Hoscularia, the short, broad palpi do not exceed the front. The male
antenne are stoutly bipectinate. The front is rather broad and subquad-
rate between the naked eyes. The tibie are not swollen. The hind
wings are rounded and wide. In the shape of the fore wings there is a

resemblance to Aztepione, but they are sharper at apices, and, above all
b

LLv THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

longer in this, not unlike typical Plagodis. Floscularia is of a brilliant
yellow color, without inner line on fore wings ; the outer line vague, nearly
straight. There is an apical red-brown dot ; the outer line red-brown on
costa, followed by a pinkish-violet patch at internal angle. Hind wings
concolorous, hardly paler yellow with linear patch at anal angle. A
tender pinkish-violet shade on costa of fore wings above ; at base marked
costally with dark brown. Body yellow ; face pinkish. Venter reddish-
pink. Beneath also yellow with markings repeated. The 2 type of
Floscularia is in the collection of Mr. G. R. Pilate.

Plagodis Rosaria G. & R.

This species is figured by Dr. Packard as the LEpione Serinaria of
Gueneé, and referred to P/agodis. Our name for the insect was distributed
now many years ago. One unset and somewhat defective type in my
collection. Others must be in Central Park or in collections of corre
spondents. ‘The species was named by us in 1867 or thereabouts. This
insect is ochrey yellow and purely pink, not lilac or violet tinted, and
without the red apical mark of /7oscularia.

Nematocampa Expunctaria Grote.

Dr. Packard refers this to Ai/amentaria, without knowing my tyve from
Alabama. This type is either in Philadelphia or in the Peabody Museum,
Salem, to the best of my recollection. The texture of the wings seemed
to me different, less smooth, closer and heavier than its ally. It appeared
to me a decidedly distinct and a little larger species. I believe when the
type is examined that it will be found a different species from /i/amentarta,
but as I have not met it again, I am unable to add anything to my original
description, Can. ENT., iv., ro1, 1872.

Heliomata Grote.

Of the three lovely species belonging to this genus, /n/u/ata and
Cycladata are figured by Dr. Packard, and I have seen several specimens
of them since originally figuring and describing them in the “Proceedings
of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia.” But the third, Z/zdorata,
I have not seen again. The type is, I believe, in Philadelphia ; I think
my figure and description will serve to identify the species. The species
of this genus are probably more or less active by day. They seem to be
quite rare, for I have seldom met them in collections. I think I have
seen Cycladata oftener than its ally. I have never been fortunate enough
to find them myself,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 111

Byssodes Obrussata Grote.

I have followed M. Gueneé’s terminations in this tropical genus. Our
Florida species seems allied to Paradoxata, but Gueneé does not mention
the basal ochre metal-margined line ; the third band at the middle is not
marked with a ‘‘cellular spot” and I should not call the wings ‘ narrow
and elongated” ; our species is also larger. There seems to be a number
of species very similar; and, perhaps, geographical races rather than
species. With Racheospila cupedinaria, this species from Indian River
shows that the Geometride of South Florida are allied to those of the

West Indies. |The same fact is exhibited by the representatives of other
families of Lepidoptera.

A PHYSIOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT OF INSECTS.

BY A. H. SWINTON, GUILDFORD, ENGLAND.

Extracted from The Entomologist, vol. xi., p. 255; and Yorkshire Naturalist, vol. vii.,
p- 453; with author’s revision.

Having in times gone by perused with interest certain essays from the
pen of the late Edward Newman on the subject of a true or physiological
arrangement of Insecta, may I now be allowed to call attention to the
additional evidence adducible from the recent investigations of their
organs of sensation, a matter I had lately the honor of placing before
public attention in my book, Insect Variety.

Viewed in this new light, the presence of auditory organs and well-
developed eyes place the Orthoptera first in this list ; and these would be
followed by a group of the Homoptera, the Czcadide, where we find the
auditory organs are highly developed, but sight less potent. Next to
these appear to come Lepidoptera, where the Mocturni stand first as hav-
ing well-defined auditory organs, and the Diurnz second from reason of
their excellent optic organs. Then would follow Coleoptera, which as far
as Europe is concerned, certainly give evidence of possessing auditory
apparatuses in two of their groups, the Lamellicornia and Longicornia,
although in the latter the visual organs are imperfect. As far as I can
learn, the species of Hymenoptera, Neuroptera and Diptera, have the

112 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

auditory sense, if present, much less potent; but sight, smell and touch
are evident and variously developed. This perfectly harmonizes with
Newman’s circular view, given in the Entomologist, vol. iv., p. 236.

Next, it has been a long standing practice with the authors of works
on British Butterflies to treat of the five groups represented in these
islands in the following order: Pafilionide, Nymphalide, Erycinide,
Lycenide and Hesperide ; but since the first family has close affinity with
the last, according to Dr. Scudder and others, the method is only plausible
on the principle of extremes meeting ; the better arrangement every way
being this, Mymphalide, Erycinide, Lycenide, Papilionide and Hesperide.
Then if physiological reasons could ever be got to prevail over the fancy
for having the butterflies first, I would likewise suggest a further arrange-
ment of five groups of moths, showing the development of that structure
at the base of the abdomen I attribute with the faculty of hearing, the
highest of insect senses, thus: Voctuina, Bombycina, Geometrina and
Sphingina. Between the Geometrina and Sphingina come as I consider
the butterflies, springing from either group in the species of Urania and
the Hesperide respectively. At the best, however, must it appear that any
such linear system is to be inferior to the Darwinian method of a theor-
etical descent, for if lines are not to meet somewhere, what can be made
out of case-bearing Lombycina, and case-bearing 77neina that harmonize
like the species of Zycurvaria ; and why is our ghost moth such a strange
anomaly? One warm, still evening at the commencement of July, 1881,
wandering out butterfly net in hand to watch for the comet to appear over
our chalk hill, I came on a spot where an elder bush stood clearly defined
against the full harvest moon, over whose ivory blossoms several males of
this moth were dancing sideways, little fans full of whimsicality giowing in
the dusk like whiting on the hook or calico caught by the sunshine. It
was a beautiful and saintly apparition, that held me long before courage
was mustered sufficient to catch a couple for the cabinet. Two ghosts
however were eventually boxed, and as I spread these out on the setting
board I became much struck by the circumstance how little they gave me
the idea of a moth, and how little they harmonized with the moths of the
group to which they are accredited. ‘Their four wings all alike, wanting
the hook and eye to link them, suggested most those of a dragon-fly, and
seemed to point to a greater development of the mesothoracic muscles to
sustain their increased exertion. Their expansile fans on their hinder
femora, and their subterranean larvee, brought one back to the owl moths

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 113

of the Brazils and the red under wings of the genus Catoca/a ; which in
their great wing expanse, semi-looping caterpillars, and scent pencils, bridge
over the gap between the Moctuina and Geometrina. Yet as their wings
want the Hook, so do their fans want the pouch that conceals them in these
moths. Indeed the ghost moths, and the family of the Hesialide to
which they belong, want so many of thosé characters that characterize
lepidoptera, that one is led on to the supposition that their progenitors
never acquired them ; and they belong to an older race, that in time past
has disseminated itself from Europe to the antipodes of the Maories.
Other races, as the species of Psychidae and Coleophora, whose distribution
is equally great, are in their economy scarcely indeed less curious; and
the worm-like females of the first, sitting on their caddis-cases composed
of straws, bring us very low down indeed in the scale of insect organi-

zation and adaptation, while they seem at the same time to transport us
back in geological time.

ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS.

THE GREAT LEOPARD MOTH—Ecpantheria scribonia Stoll.

BY THE EDITOR.

The larva of this insect is comparatively abundant in the autumn
throughout most of the Northern United States and in many parts of
Canada. It is found feeding on various species of plants, but most com-
monly on the wild Sunflower, /e/éanthus decapetalus. It is about two and
a half inches long, with a shining black head shaded with reddish on the
sides, and a brownish black body. Each segment has an uregular trans-
verse row of tubercles from which spring tufts of rigid shining black
hairs, while the spaces between each segment from the fourth to the tenth
inclusive are banded with red, the bands being widest and most con-
spicuous from the sixth to the ninth inclusive. These bands are a striking
feature in the appearance of the caterpillar, especially when it is coiled up
as shown in figure 12 (after Riley). |The color of the under side varies

114 THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

from reddish to yellowish brown, feet reddish, prolegs brown, thickly
clothed with short hairs. ;

This larva attains its full growth in the autumn and hybernates during
the winter under logs, the loose bark of decaying trees, or other suitable
hiding places. By the genial warmth of spring
it is aroused from its torpid condition and
feeds for a few days upon grass, or almost
any other green thing it may meet with. It
then constructs a loose cocoon, within which
= it enters the chrysalis state.

Ai) \ hah The chrysalis is black with a beautiful
KW bloom on its surface, which is easily rubbed

Bee ee: off ; it has a flattened projection at its hinder
extremity, which is tipped with a few bristles.

After remaining about a fortnight in the pupa state, it appears as a
unique and very beautiful moth. In figure 13 (after Riley) @ represents

al

=
gt

the female, 4 the male. The wings are white, ringed, streaked and spotted
with dark brown as shown in the figure. ‘The thorax has ten or twelve

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 115

black spots with a bluish white centre ; the upper portion of the body
is steel blue, streaked along the middle and sides with yellow or orange ;
legs white, ringed with black at the extremities. The male differs from
the female mainly in his smaller size and narrower abdomen.

PROFESSOR FERNALD’S SYNONYMICAL CATALOGUE OF
NORTH AMERICAN TORTRICIDA.

BY AY R. GROTE.

/

The reader of the CanapiaAn Enromovocist will recall the first paper
on the Zortricide, by Professor Fernald, who has been kind enough to
send me advance sheets of his Catalogue of the Family now being pub-
lished in Philadelphia.

At the time when Professor Fernald commenced his studies he paid
me the compliment of asking my advice as to the group of Lepidoptera
he should work upon. In advising him to take the Zortricide, I was
influenced by my belief in his patience and scientific ability. No family
of Lepidoptera which I have studied, except perhaps the Phycide, are as
difficult as the Zortrices, or call for more diligent examination and careful
manipulation. I had been bringing together material for a study of the
Tortricide, and had described a few species and the genus Phaecasiophora,
when Professor Fernald wrote to me. I was thus in a position to be of
the slight assistance which Professor Fernald has, I am afraid, over-
estimated in his original paper alluded to above. But it is difficult to
overestimate the importance of Professor Fernald’s work and the excel-
lence with which it has been performed. With the valuable aid of Lord
Walsingham, Professor Fernald was able to examine personally almost
every one of Mr. Walker’s types. The types of my friend, the late Mr.
C. T. Robinson, had been placed in Professor Fernald’s hands before his
visit to London, and I had given him all the material brought together by
myself, so that no one was in so favorable a position for ascertaining what
had been described and what was yet new among our Tortrices. Every
American paper which I have seen on the family, since that time, has
been issued after the material on which it was based had been determined

116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

by Professor Fernald, who is our authority on the Zortricide without a
rival. And this position is not an easy one to gain. The little delicate
insects are very variable, and in the genus Zeras, for instance, they change
pattern and colors like a kaleidescope. The genera, as in the Deltoids>
Phycids, etc., have to be limited by characters offered by the males alone,
quite often, and in all cases the entire structure has to be carefully noted
in order to locate the species to the best advantage.

All the requirements have been met, and, as a proper conclusion to
his labors so far, a breathing place where one can survey the road travelled
over, Professor Fernald gives us his very useful Ca¢a/ogue. Having our-
selves written a synonymical Catalogue of the Sphingida, we have a lively
sense of the work to be performed in a Family yet more numerous in
species and more intricate in synonymy. ‘The student can, however, use
Prof. Fernald’s Catalogue with the certainty that it is as accurate as it can
be made, and he will be very unappreciative if he feels no gratitude to
its accomplished author, who has spared no labor in completing his self
imposed task. Professor Fernald, by his moderate views and careful
methods, has proved himself a safe guide ; at the same time he has shown
himself possessed of talents which carry him easily in the front rank
among living Entomologists. It would be well if such proofs as Professor
Fernald has offered of knowledge of the subject were demanded of all
writers of Lists and Catalogues ; but I will not pursue this view of the
subject any further, nor burden a proper praise of Professor Fernald with
remarks which he is too amiable to sanction.

MR. S. H. SCUDDER’S NOMENCLATOR ZOOLOGUS.

BY A. R. GROTE.

Science is much indebted to Mr. Scudder for a great deal of very dry
and tiresome work in the preparation of Catalogues. We have already
from his pen a list of the generic names used for Butterflies, and now in a
thick octavo volume of 376 pages we have a “list of generic names
employed in Zoology and Palaeontology to the close of the year 1879,
chiefly supplemental to those catalogued by Agassiz and Marschall, or
indexed in the Zoological Record,”

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . 117

The list is beautifully and clearly printed and the proof reading has
been exceedingly careful. After having gone over a number of names
and after spending some hours with the book, I have found but one error
of spelling. The labor of compiling the list has been evidently great, and
Mr. Scudder speaks of it in terms which shows how arduous it really was.
The author was helped by those to whom he applied for lists of the gen-
eric names proposed by them, however, and Prof. Marsh went to the
trouble of printing the references to his own numerous genera.

The list can hardly be thoroughly tested by any one student, who can
only be expected to know his own genera and those of others in his
specialty. In the /Voctuide and the Moths generally I find a larger num-
ber of omissions than [ should have expected. In the Butterflies I find
no reference to the genus /evzseca, a name used by Mr. Scudder and all
who have written on Zarguinius since it was proposed. I also find two
mistakes which should not have been made. The genus Euclemensia is
given as = Hamadryas of Boisduval, whereas it was proposed for
Hamadryas of Clemens, preoccupied by Boisduval and Hiibner. Also
the genus Cofablepharon is credited wrongly to me, and the original cita-
tion for Argyrophyes is not given. If these are fair samples of the
reliability of the work, it would be wrong to praise it and its usefulness
might be considered doubtful. It is probable, however, that the intention
was not to give all the genera (as they have not, I think, been all collated
out of the books of which Mr. Scudder gives a list), and the mistakes
above pointed out may be exceptions. Of this each student will be able
to judge, and it would be well for the work to be publicly examined by
different scientists and the mistakes pointed out before Mr. Scudder pub-
lishes again on the subject.

The error of spelling alluded to above is on page 130, where Eujitchia
is written Zujichta. It will be of course impossible to get all the names,
but about twenty-five names proposed for genera of Lepidoptera which I
looked for, I could not find in the List. These names were published
within twenty years up to 1880. This number is very likely less than the
real omissions of names for genera in the order Lepidoptera. There has
been probably too great reliance placed on the contributions of authors,
at the expense of personal research. We cannot suppose that there has
been any private influence brought to bear on a compilation of this char-
acter, but there has been an effort to display very fully the generic names
of certain authorities, while the genera proposed by those who have not

118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

written much are apparently neglected. But it is precisely such genera
which should be brought together in a work of this kind. A number of
genera of which it may with confidence be predicted that they will never
come into use, are cited, while genera now in constant use are omitted.

BOOK NOTICES.

Bulletin No. 7. Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees, by A.
S. Packard, jr, M. D. Issued by the Department of the Interior, U. S.
Entomological Commission.; 8vo., pp. 275, with roo illustrations.

The object of this Bulletin, as stated in the introduction to it, is to
give to the public a brief summary of what is up to this time known. of
the habits and appearance of such insects as are injurious to the more
useful kinds of trees. Beginning with the insects injurious to the various
species of Oak, the author treats of those which injure the Elm, Hickory,
Butternut, Chestnut, Locust, Maple, Poplar, Linden, Birch, Beech, Tulip
Tree, Horse Chestnut, Wild Cherry, Ash, Alder, Willow, Pine, Spruce,
Balsam, Juniper, Tamarack, Arbor Vite, and others. A large proportion
of the work is occupied with descriptions of those insects which injure the
more important forest trees, such as the Pine and Oak. This is a most
useful synopsis of our knowledge in this department, and its issue will no
doubt greatly stimulate the progress of Entomology in this practical direc-
tion, for while it shows that much has been done in some of the most
important departments, in many others our knowledge is extremely scanty.
This work is conveniently arranged, and like the other works of this
distinguished author, well written in a plain and popular style, and will
commend itself to all who are interested in preserving our forests and
useful shade trees from destruction by insect foes.

(A Fragment of a) Guide to Practical Work in Elementary Ento-
mology. An outline for the use of students in the Entomological
Laboratory of Cornell University, by J. Henry Comstock ; 8vo., pp. 35.

This work is divided into two chapters, the first of which treats of the
terms denoting the position and direction of parts in insects, the second
of the external anatomy of a grasshopper, Cadloptenus femur-rubrum. A
useful guide to all those entering on the study of Entomology.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 119

Tenth Report of the State Entomologist of the Noxious and Beneficial
Insects of the State of Illinois, by Cyrus Thomas, Ph. D., 8vo., pp. 244,
illustrated with two plates and 79 wood-cuts ; containing articles on the
Army Worm, ZLeucania unipuncta ; anew Corn Insect, Diabrotica longt-
cornis ; the Relation of Meteorological Conditions to Insect Development ;
Descriptive Catalogue of Larve ; the Larvee of Butterflies and Moths ;
and the Hessian Fly. This Report contains mdch that is new in refer-
ence to these several subjects, and is a valuable contribution to Entomo-
logical literature.

A Bibliography of Fossil Insects, by Samuel H. Scudder, 8vo., pp.
47, being a complete list up to the present time of all known works and
papers on fossil insects, arranged in alphabetical order.

Synopsis of the Catocale of Illinois, by G. H. French, Carbondale,
Ill., containing references to fifty-eight species, followed by instructions for
capturing Catocalz, 8vo., pp. 11, with one wood-cut.

CORRESPONDENCE.

In reply to Mr. John Smith’s remarks upon Cavs, I would state that
every student ought to know that in the Deltoids the eyes are always
naked, the tibia unarmed. It was not necessary to recapitulate characters
common to the Group. As I have given a large number of generic
descriptions and reviewed in different papers and works the structure of
the JVoctutd@, for the past twenty years, I think it probable that I gave all
the necessary characters, for the moment at least, until the male is dis-
covered, to establish the genus. In the Deltoid JVoctuzde, as in the
Phycids and Tortricids, sexual structure is of generic value. It is very
easy now for Mr. John Smith to have his /Voctuéd@ named, and in response
to a private letter from him, I offered to name his material more than a
year ago. I am glad he seems to be studying the group, and I shall be
happy at any time to name his material and afford him any information in
my power. I think if he had applied to me I should have been able to
give him the facts as to Cagzs and the Deltoid genera which would have
rendered his article unnecessary. For, the structural details mentioned in
Mr. John Smith’s letter, cited in the paragraph before the last, and for not
giving which in connection with Cagzs, I am blamed, are uniform through-
out the North American Deltoids so far as I have observed.

A. R. GROTE,

120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NOTE ON PAPILIO POLYDAMAS, LINN.

In the Revised Synopsis of Species, commenced in Part ro, Vol. 2,
But. N. A., I struck out Polydamas, Villiersit and Serion, for want of
authentication. I believe these species have been credited to our fauna
on authority of Dr. Boisduval, but if examples of either have been taken
within the U. S. during the last twenty-five years, and up to the printing
of my Revision, I am not aware of it. However, within the last two
months, Dr. Wittfeld, of Indian River, Florida, has taken half a dozen
Polydamas, one of which he sent me for identification. Although
collecting butterflies assiduously for two years past, Dr. Wittfeld had not
observed this species before. The larva, according to Boisduval, feeds
on Aristolochia. .Seréon, Fabr., is a Jamaican species, and is not likely to
have been seen in Florida. Zonaria, Butler, = Serion, Cramer, is Cuban,
and may be also Floridian, but until properly authenticated, I should
reject it.

NOTE ON CHIONOBAS TARPEIA, ESPER.

I have recently received from Dr. Staudinger six Siberian examples of
this species, showing variation, and am satisfied that I myself have seen
nothing American which cnn be called Zarpera. It resembles on upper
side C. Uhlert, but differs widely on under side. Mr. Butler, in Cat.
Satyr., credits Zarpeia to Arctic America, and of course his authority
decides that question, as he had the British Museum example before him.

W. H. Epwarbs.

A NEW VARIETY OF CATOCAL.

Catocala Paleogama Guen.

N. Var. Aznida.—The whole of the posterior margin, nearly to the
middle, of the primaries brownish black. The terminal space brownish
gray with a light shade across the middle. The white marking along the
z, p. and ¢. a. and subterminal lines very prominent.

In the more common form the whole wing is pale brownish gray,
except the reniform and subterminal space, from which this var. may
readily be distinguished.

This var. is to Paleogama what var. Evelina is to Lachrymosa.

I have made my description from three male specimens.

D. B. Facer, Carbondale, Illinois.

Che Canadiwn Entomologist,

VOL. XIV. LONDON, ONT., JULY, 1882. No. 7

THE GRAPE PHYLLOXERA—PaAylloxera vastatrix.
BY THE EDITOR.

This tiny but formidable foe to the grape vine, which has during the
past few years attracted so much attention in Europe and America, has
appeared in its worst form, viz., the root-inhabiting type, in Ontario, and
is doing a considerable amount of damage in our vineyards. Early this
spring the writer received from Mr. A. H. Pettit, of Grimsby, samples of
fibrous roots from diseased vines, which had every appearance of being
affected by the Phylloxera, but the specimens received were so dried up
that if there had been any lice on them they could not be discovered.
Request was made for fresh specimens in moist earth, but none were
obtained.

On the 19th of July, in company with Mr. J. M. Denton, of London,
I visited the vinery of Mr. Richard Stephens, in Westminster, about a
mile from London, where we found a number of Concord vines growing in
heavy clay soil, which were suffering much from some cause ; the foliage
had become’ very yellow and some of the vines appeared to be dying. On
examining the roots we could find but few living, and the fibrous roots
were covered with the little knotted swellings so characteristic of Phyl-
loxera. On digging around some vines that were less diseased, a number
of the lice were discovered on the young, fresh roots, puncturing them,
imbibing their juices, and causing disease and death.

On the day following we visited our own vinery, on sandy soil, near
London, and detected the same form of disease, but much less pronounced,
on Rogers’ 15 and some seedlings.

On examining the roots Phylloxera were found in their different stages of
egg and larva of various sizes, in comparative abundance. In the case of
Mr. Stephens the insects must have been at work for several years to have
caused the extent of injury which we saw, but in our own case the invasion
is probably a more recent one. We are glad to state that on Mr.
Stephens’ grounds we found the smail mite, Zyzoglyphus phylloxera, which

122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

feeds upon the Phylloxera and destroys it, associated with the lice and
busy in its useful mission.

Since this insect is now known to be at work in Ontario, and probably
to a greater extent than we are at present aware of, a condensed account
of its life history wiil probably be interesting to our readers. ‘The figures
are from Prof. Riley’s excellent reports, and the facts given mainly gleaned
from the writings of this and other authors.

Its progress in Europe has been most alarming, inflicting untold losses
in the wine making districts. The destruction it has occasioned in France
has been so great that it has become a national calamity which the Gov-
ernment has appointed special agents to enquire into; large sums of
money have also been offered as prizes to be given to any one who shall
discover an efficient remedy for this insect pest. At the same time it has
made alarming progress in Portugal, also in Switzerland and some parts of
Germany, and among vines under glass in England. It is a native of
America, from whence it has doubtless been carried to France ; it is com-
mon throughout the greater portion of the United States, and in one of
its forms in Canada, but our native grape vines seem to endure the attacks
of the insect much better than do those of Europe. Recently it has
appeared on the Pacific slope in the fertile vineyards of California, where
the European varieties are largely cultivated, and hence its introduction
there will probably prove disastrous to grape culture.

This insect is found in two different forms: in one instance on the
leaf, where it produces greenish red or yellow galls of various shapes and
sizes, and is known as the type Ga//aeco/a, or gall-inhabiting ; in the other
and more destructive form, on the root, known as the type Radicicola, or
root-inhabiting, causing at first swellings on the young rootlets, followed
by decay, which gradually extends to the larger roots as the insects con-
gregate upon them. ‘These two forms will for convenience be treated
together.

The first reference made to the gall-producing form was by Dr. Fitch
in 1854, in the Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society,
where he described it under the name of Pemphigus vitifolie. Karly in
June there appear upon the vine leaves small globular or cup-shaped galls
of varying sizes ; a section of one of these is shown at d, figure 15 ; they
are of a greenish red or yellow color, with their outer surface somewhat
uneven and woolly. Figure 14 represents a leaf badly infested with these
galls. On opening one of the freshly formed galls, it will be found to

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1z3

contain from one to four orange colored lice, many very minute shining,

oval, whitish eggs, and usually
a considerable number of
young lice, not much larger
than the eggs and of the same
whitish color. Soon the gall
becomes over-populated, and
the surplus lice wander off
through its partly opened
mouth on the upper side of
the leaf, and establish them-
selves either on the same leaf
or on adjoining young leaves,
where theirritation occasioned
by their punctures causes the
formation of new galls, within
which the lice remain. After a time the older lice die, and the galls which
they have inhabited open out and gradually become flattened and almost
obliterated ; hence it may thus happen that the galls on the older leaves
on a yine will be empty, while those on the younger ones are swarming
with occupants.

These galls are very common on the Clinton grape and other varieties
of the same type, and are also found to a greater or Jess extent on most
other cultivated sorts. They sometimes occur in such abundance as to

cause the leaves to turn brown and drop to the ground, and instances are
recorded where many vines have been defoliated from this cause. The
number of eggs in a single gall will vary from fifty to four or five hundred,
according to the size of it ; there are several generations of the lice during
the season, and they continue to extend the sphere of their operations
during the greater part of the summer. Late in the season, as the leaves
become less succulent, the lice seek other quarters and many of them find
their way to the roots of the vines, and there establish themselves on the
smaller rootlets. By the end of September the galls are usually deserted.
In figure 15 we have this type of the insect illustrated ; a shows a front
view of the young louse, and 4 a back view of the same; ¢ the egg, d a
section of one of the galls, ¢ a swollen tendril; fg, 2, mature egg-bearing
gall lice, lateral, dorsal and ventral views ; 7, antenna, and 7 the two-
jointed tarsus,

124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

When on the roots the lice subsist also by suction, and their punctures
result in abnormal swellings on the pane rootlets, as shown at a in figure
16. These eventually
decay, and this decay is
not confined to the
swollen portions, but in-
volves the adjacent tis-
sue, and thus the insects
are induced to betake
themselves to fresh por-
tions of the living roots,
until at last the larger
ones become involved,
and they too literally
waste away.

Fig. 15.

In figure 16 we have the root-inhabiting type, Radzcico/a, illustrated ;

a, roots of Clinton vine, showing swellings ; 4, young louse as it appears
when hibernating; c,d, antenna and leg of same; ¢, f, g, represent the
more mature lice. It is also further illustrated in fig. 17, where a shows
a healthy root, 4 one on which the lice are working, ¢ root which is decay-
ing and has been deserted by them; d@ d d indicates how the lice are
found on the larger roots ;
female pupa seen from
above, f the same from
below ; g, winged female,
dorsal view; 4, the same,
ventral view; 7, the an-
tenna of the winged insect;
J, wingless female laying
eggs on the roots, while &
indicates how the punctures
of the lice cause the larger
roots to rot. Most of these
figures are highly magni-
fied; the short lines or
dots at the side showing the natural size.

During the first year of the insect’s presence the outward manifestations

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 125

of the disease are very slight, although the fibrous roots may at this time
be covered with the little swellings ; but if the attack is severe, the second
year the leaves assume a sickly yellowish cast, and the usual vigorous
yearly growth of cane is much reduced. Eventually the vine usually dies,

2
Ss

(waieateddicos

di

(Z

anv)

Wi
:

Fig. 17.

but before this takes place, the lice having little or no healthy tissue to
work on, leave the dying vine and seek for food elsewhere, either wander-
ing underground among the interlacing roots of adjacent vines, or crawling
over the surface of the ground in search of more congenial quarters.

126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

During the winter many of them remain torpid, and at that season assume
a dull brownish color, so like that of the roots to which they are attached,
that they are difficult to discover. They have then the appearance shown
at 6 in figure 16. With the renewal of growth in the spring, the young
lice cast their coats, rapidly increase in size, and appear as shown ate, f, g,
in the figure ; soon they begin to deposit eggs, these eggs hatch, and the
young shortly become also egg-laying mothers like the first, and like them
also remain wingless. After several generations of these egg-bearing lice
have been produced, a number of individuals about the middle of summer
acquire wings. These also are all females, and they issue from the ground,
and rising in the air, fly or are carried with the wind to neighboring vine-
yards, where they deposit eggs on the underside of the leaves among their
downy hairs, beneath the loosened bark of the branches and trunk, or in
crevices of the ground about the base of the vine. Occasionally indi-
vidual root lice abandon their underground habits and form galls on the
leaves.

The complete life history of this insect is extremely interesting and
curious, and those desirous of further information as to the different modi-
fications of form assumed by the insect in the course of its development,
will find them given with much minuteness of detail in the 5th, 6th, 7th
and 8th Reports on the Insects of Missouri, by C. V. Riley.

Remedies: This is an extremely difficult insect to subdue, and various
means for the purpose have been suggested, none of which appear to be
entirely satisfactory. Flooding the vineyards where practicable seems to
be more successful than any other measure, but the submergence must be
total and prolonged to the extent of from twenty-five to thirty days ; it
should be undertaken in September or October, when it is said that the
root lice will be drowned, and the vines come out uninjured.

Bisulphide of carbon is claimed by some to be an efficient remedy ; it
is introduced into the soil by means of an augur with a hollow shank, into
which this liquid is poured ; several holes are made about each vine, and
two or three ounces of the liquid poured into each hole. Being extremely
offensive in odor and very volatile, its vapor permeates the soil in every
direction, and is said to kill the lice without injuring the vines. ‘This
substance should be handled with caution, as its vapor is very inflammable
and explosive. Carbolic acid mixed with water, in the proportion of one
part of acid to fifty or one hundred parts of water, has also been used
with advantage, poured into two or three holes made around the base of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 127

each vine with an iron bar to the depth of a foot or more. Soot is also
recommended, to be strewed around the vines.

It is stated that the insect is less injurious to vines grown on sandy
soil ; also to those grown on lands impregnated with salt.

Since large numbers of these insects, both winged and wingless, are
known to crawl over the surface of the ground in August and September,
it has been suggested to sprinkle the ground about the vines at this period
with quicklime, ashes, sulphur, salt or other substances destructive to
insect life. The application of fertilizers rich in potash and ammonia
have been found useful, such
as ashes mixed with stable
manure or sal-ammoniac.

A simple remedy for the
gall-inhabiting type is to pluck
the leaves as soon as they
show signs of the galls, and
destroy them.

Fig. 38. Several species of predace-
ous insects prey on this louse.
A black species of Thrips with white fringed wings deposits its eggs within
the gall, which, when hatched, produce larve of a blood red color, which
play sad havoc among the lice. The larva of a Syrphus fly, Pipiza
radicum, which feeds on the
root louse of the apple, see
figure 18, has also been found
attacking the Phylloxera. An-
other useful friend is a small
mite, Zyroglyphus phylloxera,
P. & R., see fig. 19, which
attacks and destroys the lice,
and associated with this is
sometimes found another
species, oplophora arctata
Riley, of a very curious form, reminding one of a mussel. The lice are
also preyed on by the larva of a Scymnus, a small dull colored lady bird ;
also by several other species of the lady-bird family, and by the larve’ of
lace-wing flies.

128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

To guard against its introduction into new vineyards, the roots of
young vines should be carefully examined before planting, and if knots
and lice are found upon them, these latter may be destroyed by immersing
the roots in hot soap suds or tobacco water.

Our native American vines are found to withstand the attacks of this
insect much better than do those of European origin, hence by grafting
the more susceptible varieties on these hardier sorts, the ill effects pro-
duced by the lice may in some measure be counteracted. The roots
recommended to use as stocks are those of Concord, Clinton, Herbe-
mont, Cunningham, Norton’s Virginia, Rentz, Cynthiana, and Taylor.
The Clinton, one of the varieties recommended, is particularly liable to
the attacks of the gall-producing type of Phylloxera, but the lice are
seldom found to any great extent on its roots, and the vine is so vigorous
a grower that a slight attack would not produce any perceptible effects.

“RUDAEMONIA JEHOVAH ”—A REVIEW.
BY A. R. GROTE.

The describer of species has accomplished his task when he has given
the proper Latin names, but it depends largely on the one who catalogues
the species, whether these names pass into use or not. In the work of
preparing a “ New Check List of North American Moths,” I have gone
over much of the literature bearing on the subject, and the following
reflections have presented themselves to me.

In the first place, I have been actuated by a sincere desire to meet the
views of the anti-Htibnerists, and avoid the use of old or objectionable
names. Professor Riley has brought forward objections to the resusci-
tation of forgotten or neglected names, and others have written with the
same object in view. I found, however, to my surprise, I must confess,
that the best Catalogue, that of Staudinger, did not hesitate to introduce
names out of use for almost a century ; and this merely because they were
a very little older than the name in common use. So prominent an insect
as Papilio Podalirius, is made to appear as P. Sinon. And in the
“ Preface,” the necessity for placing the synonymy on a firm basis is given
as a reason for enforcing the rule of priority so rigidly. If this can be

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129

done in Europe, where there exists so large an Entomological public, why
should it not be done here, where that public is so limited? For instance,
in the genus Cafoca/a, I have reinstated Grynea of Cramer ; but I hardly
' think that, before my paper appeared, the insect had any name at all in
collections, or that the name of zwptula, which I rejected, was used to any
extent. Outside of the difficulty of deciding what constitutes a name
“in use,” I think the science is yet so young with us, that no names have
been used su much that their abandonment could lead to any confusion
or trouble of moment. Certainly if such changes can be made in.an
important European Catalogue like Staudinger’s, there can be no reason
for the American Systematist being at all troubled at finding himself
obliged to make them. And with the use of Hiibner’s genera, I find that
proportionately more of such names are used by Staudinger than in the
older lists of Boisduval, Heydenreich, Gueneé or the English writers,
except, perhaps, Stephens. To the writers of the “ Brooklyn Check
List,” I would, in fact, recommend the study of Staudinger’s Preface.
These writers profess, indeed, much veneration for Staudinger, and the
writers whom they somewhat vaguely term ‘‘ Continental Authors,” and
it is really worth while to ascertain fully what Staudinger says on this and
kindred topics in his “ Preface.” I think that we can adopt this
“Preface” as giving excellent judgment on all, or most of the moot
points in nomenclature, and be guided by it. The practice of giving a
specific name only once in a Family is discussed on page xvii of the
“ Preface.” This is properly condemned, but it is rightly insisted upon
that in two related genera the same specific name should not’ be used.
And where a change has been made for this reason, the new name should
be respected even if the species thus re-named should be removed to a
quite different genus from the one under which it originally appeared, and
where it was re-named to avoid a duplication of the first specific name.
Thus I should keep Puritana Rob., instead of bringing into use again the
original name for the species which was a duplication at the time.

I would, finally, modify the law of priority and not recognize such
names as the one proposed by Mr. Strecker at the head of this article.
There is only one objection to such names, that they offend the ears of
many who are interested in the object they designate. On fair, “com-
mon sense” grounds, they should be rejected. And they have no excuse
for appearing, since names are more plentiful than species. In the present
case, the species should be catalogued under the name S¢veckerz, and no

130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

reference be made to the original name, which has been used by Mr.
Strecker ‘‘in vain.”

It is not here a question of Orthodoxy, but of taste and decency.
While great sacrifices are to be made to secure a stable nomenclature by
the enforcement of the law of priority, there is a point where the proposer
of objectionable names should meet with a check. Under cover of
priority there is no telling how far we might be led, were we obliged to
adopt any names that might be proposed. But no student is obliged to
use names which appear to him disadvantageous to the comprehension of
his subject or the general welfare of his science. The more he is inter-
ested about the fact and the less about names and rules, the better. At
least he will not trouble himself to use an objectionable term for the sake
of priority. And this is the strong point of the anti-Htibnerists. And it
would be legitimate were it not shown that Hiibner’s names are mainly
objected to from their being neglected, or insufficiently founded ; there
can be no redson, where they are well founded, for their further neglect,
since their use makes but little trouble at present and what we need is a
stable nomenclature. To attain this we must exhaust the application of
names at present in literature.

PREPARATORY STAGES OF HOMOPTERA LUNATA, Drury.

BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

Ecc.—Diameter, .03 inch. Globular in shape, slightly flattened at the
base, the apex having a punctured space but no depression ; a series of
longitudinal ridges from near the base, 20 of which reach the apical space.
As these ridges are the same distance apart, there are between those
reaching the apex several shorter ones, the number not noted. The
depressions between the ridges show slight punctures. Color pale green.
Duration of this period 5 days.

YounG Larva,—Length .15 inch, slender, 12 legs, the first and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 131

second pair of pro-legs mere points. A looper in motion. Color of the
middle of the body from joint 2 to rz vale dull yellow, with a slight leaden
hue ; head, joint 1 and the anal joint slightly reddish, these parts lacking
the leaden hue. All the feet pale. Hairs arising from piliferous spots
gray. Head about one third broader than the body. Duration of this
period 3 days.

After 1st Moult.—Length .20 inch. The whole of the dorsum pale
green with traces of lines only on the thoracic and the posterior segments.
On the sides two prominent reddish brown lines separated by a narrow
green one. ‘There is a very faint reddish subdorsal line. None of the
piliferous spots are prominent except the posterior pair of the dorsal on
joint 4, which are slightly enlarged and black. Head pale reddish brown
mottled with darker. The first and second pairs of pro-legs a little more
prominent. The larve are very active. Duration of this period 3 days.

After 2nd Moult.—Length .55 inch. The general color of the dor-
sum is pale grayish green tinged with brown at the extremities. Dorsal
line composed of two greenish white lines with a narrow space of the
ground color between. Subdorsal line dull white. On the sides are three
stripes separated by narrow white lines. The middle stripe is blackish
brown considerably tinged with green on joints 4 and 5, and containing
the stigmata. The other two stripes are paler with more green. The
general color of head is brown, the stripes of the body extending irregu-
larly over it, though considerably mottled. Feet pale brown. Piliferous
spots black, the posterior dorsal pair of joint 4 prominent in color, a little
so in elevation. Part of hairs from piliferous spots black, part brown.
Venter gray with black spots in the middle of the joints. Duration of
this period 4 days.

After 3rd Moult.—Length .75 inch. ‘The dorsal space is in three
distinct stripes, separated by two white lines. ‘The dorsal or central stripe
has an imperfect faint dorsal line, the rest of the stripe being pale mottled
with brownish. The stripe between this and the subdorsal is brown mot-
tled with greenish. The sides striped much as in the last period, the
stripes separated by white lines. The upper of the three is like the dorsal
stripe, pale inclining to carneous ; the second or stigmatal is like the one
in the dorsal space. The stripes are a little darker on the thoracic joints
than elsewhere. _Piliferous spots black, the posterior dorsal pair of joint
4 prominent as before. The articulations or incissures of the joints in the

132 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

middle of the body incline to yellow. The brown and pale brown mot-
tlings of the head, though irregular, seem to follow in a measure the stripes
of the body in arrangement. Pro-legs concolorous with the body, thoracic
paler. Venter dull white, black in the middle of the joints. Hairs
black. Duration of this period, 3 days.

After 4th Moult.—Length 1.05 inches. Marked and colored very
much as during the preceding period. Piliferous spots less prominent,
except the posterior pair of joint 4. Each one of these contains a white
dot with a similar dot in its front. Joint 11 a little raised with the pos-
terior pair of spots tubercular. Duration of this period 3 days.

After 5th Moult.—Length 1.35 inches. The plan of marking of the
insect has not changed, but the colors are so modified that the caterpillar
has a yellowish brown appearance with a decided chrome yellow tint at
the intersection of joints 4 and 5. ‘The piliferous spots are black, but
from joint 4 back each is accompanied by a small white spot. In general
the piliferous spots have grown less prominent, the posterior on joint 4
about the same, those on joint 11 a little more elevated. The dorsal
stripe is a little irregular in outline at the intersection of the joints, con-
sisting of one or more expansions and contractions. The difference in °
color of the stripes seems to be due to the difference in shade of the brown
dots of which the stripes are composed, the yellowish green ground color
being about the same. Venter about the shade of the pale stripes, the
middle of each joint being brownish black tinged with wine color, these
spots being connected.

Mature Larva.—Length 1.45 inches. Width of head .12 inch, of
middle of body .18. Head flat, sloping ; ocelli 6 ; in shape and number
of ocelli resembling larvee of Catocale. Marked very much as at the
beginning of this period, three stripes on the dorsum and three on each
side, alternating light and dark, but these are less distinct, approaching a
uniform brownish drab ; the white spots also less distinct. The first and
second pro-legs are about half the length of the others. Venter a little
paler than above, with an elliptical reddish brown spot in the centre of
each joint. Legs and palpi concolorous with the body, jaws dark brown.
Duration of this period 13 days.

Chrysalis.—Length .80 inch, depth of thorax .25 inch ; basal abdom-
inal depression very slight. Depth of 4th abdominal joint .27 inch, from
this gradually tapering to the end ; the wing cases covering five joints in
front, the legs and antennz cases extending the same distance as the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 133

wings. The tip of abdomen coarsely furrowed and punctured, terminating
in two long hooks with several shorter ones arising from the corrugated
surface a little way from these. These hooks are fastened in a button or
piece of silk of considerable extent at the posterior end of the cocoon ;
the latter being composed of leaves fastened together, with or without
being attached to the box, but not lined on the inside except the space
of silk already mentioned. Anterior portion of chrysalis a little produced
at the head, no particular organ projecting prominently. Color brown, not
very dark, moderately glaucus. Duration of this period 18 days.

This gives a total time from depositing the egg to the imago of 52
days. I should say, however, that this season was very wet during the
months of May and June, and after passing the 5th moult there were
several days during which little food was taken and some of the larve
died, they appearing to be affected by the wet weather. I should say
further that the notes as to time of moult were taken from a few of the
more healthy larvee, several of them being more protracted in their time
than the one given. ‘The 13 brought through all their stages had periods
as follows :

1 a period of 52 days. 2 a period of 55 days.

2 ce 56 ce I “eo 57 ce
“se 59 ee I ee 60 “ce

aA Ns erie ret ess 62 «

I s G5 8 I 4 Tot ws

The eggs were deposited April 30th, and the first moth hatched June
21st, the last July roth. During former years I have found the larve of
this species on willow and other bushes, and had them spin up the last of
September and come out as moths the fore part of November. In other
instances they passed the winter as chrysalids. From all the data given
I should judge that there are from two to three broods during a season,
according as the eggs are deposited by the early or late moths. All that
I have wintered over hibernated in the pupa state, which is probably the
usual if not the only method of hibernation.

On page 89 of vol. 9 of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST (1877) Mr. A.
R. Grote mentions Mr. Hill, of Albany, N. Y., as authority for a statement
that Edusa and Lunata are possibly sexes of one species. On page 174

_of the same volume, Mr. Thomas E. Bean, of Galena, IIl., gives the result
of some observations on specimens in his collection going to show that
not only the two referred to, but Sawmdersiz, should be included as well in

134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

one species, those having white on the wings the males, and Zunata the
female. On page 228 of the same volume, Mr. Bean again refers to the
same subject, giving some additional evidence from observation of the
imagines, going to show the correctness of the position taken. Since that
time many have regarded the question as settled, though I find in the
Check List recently published by the Brooklyn Entomological Society, the
three names stand as three species, with Wigricans between Saundersti
and Lunata.

The result of my rearing fully confirms all Mr. Bean claimed, as the
following will show. From the one brood of eggs deposited by a single
moth, form Lunata, Lunata, Saundersit and Edusa were obtained, and
the forms were hatched in the following order: Numbers 1, 3, 9, 12 and
13 were Lunata,; Nos. 2, 5, 6,7 and 10 were Adusa ; Nos. 4, 8 and 11
were Saundersit. As an evidence of sex the frenulum was examined in
each specimen, and in all the Zwzuata it was doubie, but single in both the
~ other forms.

This settles the question beyond any doubt, and reduces two of the
forms to sexual varieties. I have not the works containing the original
descriptions by me, and can not say for that reason which name has the
priority, but shall leave that question to some one who has access to
these works.

Knowing this species to be a general feeder from having reared it on
maple and willow before, no effort was made to test its range of food
plants, but it was fed most of the time on plum leaves.

ON A RECENT SPECULATION AS TO RANK IN INSECTA.
BY A. R. GROTE.

The reader will have noticed, in the June number of the CANADIAN
ENTOMOLOGIST, a paper on the “ Physiological Arrangement of Insects.”
The author there places the Orthoptera first in this list, owing to the
presence of auditory organs and well developed eyes. The “ arrange-
ment” which follows is exceedingly ‘‘ mixed,” but the object of the
present remarks is to point out that the author mistakes when he considers
the presence of sense-organs as the crucial test of rank. And for this

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 135

reason, that, within the different Sub-orders, there is great variation in this
respect. For instance, in the Pyralide we have forms almost identical,
such as Chryseudenton and Cataclysta, which differ by the absence or
presence of simple eyes. I do not wish to follow out the argument at
length ; the environment seems to effect comparatively easily the sense
organs ; Cave-insects are frequently blind. Again the Challenger Expe-
dition brought up from the depths an eyeless Crustacean— Wzllemoesia,
named for the distinguished naturalist, Dr. Willemoes-Suhm, who, unfor-
tunately for science, died before the “Challenger” returned to her
English dock. But insects ave now “arranged” by their physiological
characters, though certainly with very different results from those attained
by Mr. A. H. Swinton. ‘The whole structure and proportionate parts are
taken into consideration, and little can be said against the observations,
partly original, brought together by Dr. Packard in his “ Guide.” And
Mr. Swinton himself speaks of Dr. Scudder’s observations of rank in the
Butterflies, not based on ‘sense organs,” and which seems to us so full
and satisfactory. The observations on the ‘‘ Ghost-moth” are an echo
of Dr. Packard’s remarkable paper, in which the resemblance of Hepzalus
to the Neuropterous genus Polystichoe/es was fully discussed. That the
Bombycide afford instances of synthesis has been shown by this dis-
tinguished pupil of the elder Agassiz, who had so remarkable an ability
for perceiving and weighing analogies and affinities in animals. The
question of rank in insects goes hand in hand with that of the origin of
the diverse forms. We fear that Mr. Swinton has but very partially
examined the subject and that his suggestions as to sense-organs are not
based on proper physiological studies. Not without a certain shudder can
we read the author’s glib disposal of the question of rank in Hexapoda.
And his use of sense organs to determine rank is open to the objection
that it is not thorough ; that some members of his highest groups will
fall into the lowest, and thus utterly forsake their ‘ physiological asso-
ciates ” by reason of a sudden failing of ears and eyes. ‘‘ As far as I can
learn ” is hardly to be expected as the basis of observations seriously
advanced ; yet with these words our author disposes of ‘‘ the species of
Hymenoptera, Neuroptera and Diptera.” There is only one way to
accumulate facts upon this subject, and that is to trace the changes in
related forms, to take the dissecting needle in hand and to take down the
numerous memoirs already extant upon the subject and thoroughly master
their contents,

136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF
SCIENCE.

THIRTY-FIRST MEETING,

To be Held at Montreal, Canada, August, 1882.

The Thirty-first Meeting of the Association will be held at Montreal,
Canada, commencing at 10 o’clock, a. m., on Wednesday, the 23rd of
August, 1882 ; under the presidency of J. W. Dawson, LL. D., F. R. S.,
Principal of McGill University, Montreal.

The headquarters of the Association will be at McGill University,
where members will register as soon as possible after arrival. The hotel
headquarters will be at the Windsor.

The offices of the Local Committee and of the Permanent Secretary
will be at the University. The General Sessions and the meetings of the
Sections and Committees will all be held in the University buildings. The
particular rooms will be designated on the programme for Wednesday.

Members expecting to attend the meeting are particularly requested to
notify the Local Secretaries at the earliest moment possible.

The address of the Permanent Secretary will be Salem, Mass., until
August 17th; after that time and until the meeting has adjourned, his
address will be Windsor Hotel, Montreal, Canada.

OFFICERS OF THE MONTREAL MEETING.

President—}. W. Dawson, of Montreal.

Vice-Presidents :
. Mathematics and Astronomy—Wm. Harkness, of Washington.
Physics—T. C. Mendenhall, of Columbus.
Chemistry—H. C. Bolton, of Hartford.
. Mechanical Science—W. P. Trowbridge, of New Haven.
Geology and Geography—E. T. Cox, of San Francisco.
Biology—W. H. Dall, of Washington.
. Histology and Microscopy—A. H. Tuttle, of Columbus.
. Anthropology—Daniel Wilson, of Toronto.

Economic Science, and Statistics—E. B. Elliott, of Washington.
Permanent Secretary—F¥. W. Putnam, of Cambridge.

General Secretary—William Saunders, of London, Ontario.
Assistant General Secretary—J. R. Eastman, of Washington.

Ping oO ep

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 137

Secretaries of the Sections :

A. Mathematics and Astronomy—H. T. Eddy, of Cincinnati.

B. Physics—Chas. S. Hastings, of Baltimore.

C. Chemistry—Alfred Springer, of Cincinnati.

D. Mechanical Science--Chas. B. Dudley, of Altoona.

E. Geology and Geography—C. E. Dutton, of Washington.

F, Biology—Charies S. Minot, of Boston.

G. Histology and Microscopy—Robert Brown, jr., of Cincinnati.

H. Anthropology—Otis T. Mason, of Washington.

I. Economic Science, and Statistics—F. B. Hough, of Lowville.
Treasurer—William S. Vaux, of Philadelphia.

_ The Annual Meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural
Science will be held at the rooms of the Natural History Society, Mon-
treal, on August 21st and 22nd. The American Forestry Congress will be
held at the same time in Forestry Chambers, opposite St. Lawrence Hall,

OUR ANNUAL MEETING.

By the kind permission of the Hon. S. C. Wood, the Commissioner
of Agriculture for the Province of Ontario, the Annual Meeting of the
Entomological Society of the Province of Ontario will be held at Montreal
during the first week of the meeting of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science. The meeting will be held at the rooms of the
Montreal Natural History Society, on Thursday afternoon, August 24, at
3 o'clock. It is expected that there will be a large attendance of those
interested in Entomology.

A meeting of the Council of the Society will be held on Thursday
morning at eleven o’clock, at the residence of the Vice-President of the
Society, Mr. J. G. Bowles.

CORRESPONDENCE.

DROSOPHILA AMPELOPHILA.
DEAR SiIR,—

In a letter recently received from Mr. S. W. Williston, of New Haven,
Ct., he says, in relation to the above insect: “ I would call your attention

138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

to the ‘ two branched bristles’ of the head. You will find that they are
inserted in the third (last) joint of the antennz, and correspond to the
‘plumose arista’ of the common house-fly, for example. They are found

in all our species of Drosophilidz.”
G. J. Bow es.

DROSOPHILA AMPELOPHILA, LOEW.
DEAR SIR,— :

In the autumn of 1879 I bred and recognized numerous specimens of
Drosophila ampelophila, Lw., at New Haven, from decaying pears, labelled
specimens bearing date of Oct. 30. Since then I have observed them in
August, September and October in the greatest abundance in Massachu-
setts and Connecticut. . Perfectly sound fruit I have never known to be
attacked by them, but the slightest indication of fermentation attracts
them in great numbers, and about heaps of cider refuse I have seen them
in clouds. Species of the family may be easily mistaken for one another,
but by aid of Mr. Bowles’ accurate figure of the wing, and by the
presence in the male, on the tips of the anterior metatarsi above, of a
minute but conspicuous black tubercle, the present Fermenting Fruit Fly
may be with certainty distinguished. Loew apparently had some know-
ledge of its habits in giving it the name ampelos. As regards its distri-
bution he says (Cent. IL, 99): “ Drosophila ampelophila in Europae
regionibus meridianis frequentissima nec Europae mediae plane aliena
etiam in meridianis Africae partibus habitat.” The question is an inter-
esting one: In which continent is itanative? The European D. confusa,
as well as ce/laris and acetz, appears to have very similar habits ; doubtless
other of our American species will be found to infest fruit.

S. W. WILLISTON.

New Haven, 28th July, 1882.

LARVA OF PAPILIO THOAS.
DEAR SIR,—

For several years past I have seen a few specimens of Papilzo thoas in
this locality, in the month of August, but in poor condition ; this year they
appeared as early as the middle of June. I have just found for the first
time the larvee in my garden feeding on Dictamnus fraxinella. ‘There are
two broods—one quite small, and the other three quarters grown.

G. H. VAN WaAGENEN.

Rye, Westchester Co., N. Y., July 17th, 1882.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 139

ON CAPIS, GROTE.
DEAR SIR,—

Mr. Grote’s reply to my remarks on Cag¢s contains a statement which
requires correction. He says: “ Every student ought to know that in the
Deltoids the eyes are always naked, the tibiz unarmed.” ‘The latter part
of the sentence is correct, but as a very fair proportion of the De/toide
have lashed eyes—Mr. Grote, himself, having described three genera with
that character—the remainder of it is rather new and surprising, and con-
tains information which all students are excusable for not having previously
known. Generic descriptions should always be complete. Capfzs is said
to be like Szsyrhyfena ; that genus is described as Crambiform. Before
it is possible to know what Cafzs is like, we must go through S7syrhypena,
hunt up what Cvamdbzform is, and graft on that the difference between
Capis and Sisyrhypena! 1 do not consider my “ Remarks on Cagis”
answered by Mr. Grote’s reply. I am obliged to Mr. Grote for his offers
of assistance. Joun B. SMITH.

BOOK NOTICES.

The Hessian Fly—Its ravages, habits, enemies and means of pre-
venting its increase, by A. S. Packard, jr., M. D.; being Bulletin No. 4
of the Department of the Interior, U. S. Entomological Commission,
8vo., pp. 43, illustrated by two plates containing many figures, one wood-
cut and a map: being a synopsis of all that has been published in refer-
ence to this destructive insect, with such additional facts as the members
of the Commission have been able to collect.

A Treatise on the Insects Jnjurious to Fruit and Fruit Trees in Cali-
fornia. By Matthew Cooke, chief executive Horticultural officer ; 8vo.,
PP. 72.

This useful pamphlet treats of the Codlin Moth, which has now taken
up its permanent residence in California, making apple and pear growing
in some sections very uncertain ; the Pear Slug, the Red Spider, the Tent

140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Caterpillar, Currant Borer, and several species of Scale Insects which
attack the apple, pear, peach, plum, orange, etc., illustrated by a number
of wood-cuts. It appears that our California friends are now seriousiy
affected by insect pests, from most of which they had until of late been
free. The fruit interests of this State are so highly important that very
active measures are being taken to keep these insect pests within bounds,
and an Act has been passed by the State compelling the general adoption of
such remedial measures as shall from time to time be found of value. We
shall watch with interest the effect of such legislation, and sincerely hope
that it may result in a marked abatement of the evils complained of.

Revised Check List of North American Birds, with a Dictionary of the
Etymology, Orthography and Orthoepy of the Scientific Names. By Dr.
Elliot Coues ; lge. 8vo. Estes & Lauriat, Boston.

Such a book from such a pen cannot fail to come into the hands of a
great many Ornithologists, and the circulation of so valuable a work will
greatly tend to render this much neglected part of the science more widely
studied and understood. The first part of the book is devoted to notes
and general explanations on Etymology, Orthography and Orthoepy. The
second part contains the Revised Check List proper, and on the latter
part of each page the names divided into syllables and marked for pro-
nunciation and accentuation, with copious notes on the derivation. In
regard to the nomenclature, the author has in many instances in this work
taken a stand opposed to that of some eminent Ornithologists of the
present day, which is much to be regretted in view of the desirability of
uniformity in this matter.

The printing is excellent and done on fine heavy paper, and the proofs
have evidently been most carefully read, altogether forming a very
attractive volume and a valuable addition to the Ornithologist’s library.
—W.E.S.

ErratTa.—In our last issue, page 120, on 2nd, 11th and 12th lines, for
“ Serion” reaa .Sinon.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. XIV. LONDON, ONT., AUGUST, 1882. We 8

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF ONTARIO.

The annual meeting was held in the rooms of the Natural History
Society, Montreal, on Thursday, August 24, 1882, at 3 o’clock, p. m

The President, Mr. Wm. Saunders, of London, Ont., in the chair.

Present: H. F. Bassett, Waterbury, Conn.; Rev. C. J. S. Bethune,
M. A., Port Hope; G. J. Bowles, Vice-President, Montreal; F. B. Caul-
field, Montreal ; Prof. J. H. Comstock, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. ;
Prof. A. J. Cook, Agric. College, Lansing, Mich. ; Wm. Couper, Mon-
treal ; T. Craig, Montreal; J. M. Denton, SE NaOS ; C. R. Dodge, Wash-
ington, D. C. ; Prof. C: H. Fernald, State Coll “Onde Maine; C. Fish,
Brunswick, Maine; Jas. Fletcher, Ottawa ; Rev F. W. Fyles, Cowans-
ville, P. Q. ; Prof. H. A. Hagen, Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass. ;
W. H. Harrington, Ottawa ; Prof. S. Henshaw, Boston, Mass. ; Dr. P. R.
Hoy, Racine, Wis.; J. G. Jack, Chateauguay Basin, P. Q.; Dr. H. S.
Jewett, Dayton, Ohio ; Prof. J. A. Lintner, State Ea sHOlonise Albany,
N. Y. ; H. H. Lyman, Montreal ; B. Pickman Mann, Assist. Entomologist
Agricul. Dept., Washington, b. C. ; Prof. C. V. Riley, Entomologist Ag.
Dept., Washington, D. C.; Wm. Shaw, Montreal; E. D. Winble, Mon-
treal ; C. D. Zimmerman, Buffalo, N. Y.; E. Baynes Reed, Sec.-Treas.,
London, and others.

The minutes of the previous meeting were confirmed, the reading
being dispensed with as they had been printed and sent to the members.

The President then addressed a few words of cordial welcome to the
members present.

The report of the Council and the financial statement of the Sec.-
Treas. for the past year were then read, and on motion, adopted.

The report of the Montreal Branch was submitted and read to the
meeting.

The election of officers then took place, when the following gentlemen
were duly elected :

President—Wm. Saunders, London.

Vice-President—G. J. Bowles, Montreal,

142 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Secretary-Treasurer and Librarian—¥. Baynes Reed, London.

Council--Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Port Hope; J. Fletcher, Ottawa ;
Rey. F. W. Fyles, Cowansville ; W. Couper, Montreal; J. M. Denton,
London ; J. Alston Moffatt, Hamilton ; W. H. Harrington, Ottawa.

Editor of Canadian Entomologist—Wwm. Saunders.

Editing Committee—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, J. M. Denton, E. B. Reed.

Auditors—H. B. Bock and C. Chapman, London.

The President then delivered his annual address, for which he was
unanimously tendered a vote of thanks, accompanied with a request to
publish it in the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT.

GENTLEMEN,—For the first time in the history of our Society, we meet
within the limits of the Province of Quebec. Although belonging to
Ontario, and sustained in our work mainly by the liberal aid granted us
by the Government of Ontario, our sphere of usefulness extends through-
out the length and breadth of this great Dominion, and also across the
lines into the United States. | We have long had an active branch of our
Society in Montreal, comprising members who have materially aided in
the advancement of Entomological science, and now at this particular
juncture, when so large a body of distinguished scientists were to honor
Montreal with their presence, and among them many noted Entomologists,
no time, it was thought, could be more opportune than this in which to
hold the annual meeting of our Society, and by the kind permission of the
Hon. S. C. Wood, Commissioner of Agriculture for the Province of
Ontario, we are privileged to meet here on this occasion.

During the past season that dreaded pest, the Hessian Fly, has pre-
vailed to a considerable extent in Ontario. My attention was first called
to it this season during the last week in July, when the grain was ripening.
On visiting wheat fields in the vicinity of London, I found the insect very
prevalent, and in some instances I believe the injury to the crop must
have been fully twenty per cent. The affected stalks were lying on the
ground, and the grain in the heads imperfectly developed ; on pulling
these they would often break at the point where the insect had been at
work, that is, about the base of the first or second joint. On examining
the affected stalks, the insect was found to be in what is known as the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 143

puparium or flax-seed state, from the resemblance which it bears in this
condition to a grain of flax-seed. The attention of farmers was drawn to
the depredations of the insect by a communication to the press, and
information sought as to the extent of the evil. From letters received
from various sections of the Province, it is evident that the insect prevails
over an extended area, and that the sum total of the loss entailed on the
agricultural community in Ontario from this cause would figure up to a
large sum, probably hundreds of thousands of dollars. In 1876 and 1877
this insect appeared in considerable force and seriously injured the wheat
crop in many parts of our Province, but since that time we have enjoyed
comparative immunity from it until now.

The Hessian Fly belongs to the order of Diptera, or two-winged
insects, and is about one tenth of an inch long, with dusky transparent
wings fringed with fine hairs. There are two broods during the year. The
flies which appear in the autumn deposit their eggs from one to twenty or
more on a plant in the cavities between the ridges of the blades or between
the stalk and sheathing base near the roots of the young fall wheat.
These hatch in four or five days into tiny grubs, soft, smooth and shining,
which work their way down the leaf to the base of the sheath, about the
crown of the root. Here they fasten themselves head downwaras to the
tender stalk, live upon the sap and gradually become imbedded more or
less in the substance of the stalk. When once located the larva moves no
more, but growing rapidly, soon becomes plump, and when mature is
about one sixth of an inch long, greenish, and semi-transparent ; before
long it changes to the flax-seed state, in which condition it remains
throughout the winter. Early in spring the flies are produced, which
deposit their eggs about the first or second joint of the stalk, where they
pass through their several stages, assuming the flax-seed state a few weeks
before the wheat ripens, from which the flies hatch in August and September.

The effect of the presence of this insect in the young fall wheat is to
weaken the plants, which become unhealthy, turn yellow and sometimes
die. Often there is a gall-like swelling or enlargement of the stalk near
the base, in and about which the insects will be found. The unhealthy
plants contrast strongly with the rich green of the vigorous uninjured
grain. The late brood may be easily found by separating the leaf from
the stalk of the young wheat in October or November ; the early brood, as
already stated, in the reclining stalks, which, when very numerous, makes
the wheat appear as if “‘ lodged” in patches.

144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Various measures have been recommended for the destruction of this
insect. Some have advised the immediate threshing of the wheat and the
burning of the straw, but since most of the insects are left in the stubble
this would be labor lost. Tearing up the stubble with a cultivator imme-
diately after harvest, and raking it into heaps and burning it, is another
suggestion, but this involves much labor at a time when the farmer is
extremely busy, and during the process many of the insects would neces-
sarily be shaken out of the stalks and escape. Burning the stubble in the
field where practicable is a much wiser course, but it must be borne in
mind that this process involves the destruction of the friendly parasites
which feed upon the enemy, as well as the enemy itself. In my address
to you two years ago, I expressed the opinion that we were almost wholly
indebted for such immunity as we enjoy from destructive insects to the
insect parasites which destroy them ; subsequent experience has confirmed
this view, and any measure which involves the destruction of these useful
friends should be adopted with caution. I am happy to state that from
specimens reared within the past few days, I find that a large proportion
of the Hessian Fly is being destroyed by parasites this season. Late
sowing has been much recommended, and the results seem to prove that
on the whole this is the most practicable remedy—to defer- sowing until
about the 20th of September, by which time most of the flies will have
disappeared ; late sowing, however, has the disadvantage that the plants
not being so well established, are not as well fitted to withstand the severe
weather of the winter. High culture is advantageous, as the luxuriant
growth which the young wheat makes under such circumstances will enable
it better to withstand the weakening effects of the grubs. Among the
other measures recommended are pasturing the wheat fields with sheep,
and the application of lime to the young wheat to kill the larve.

During the past few weeks I have examined the roots of a number of
sickly-looking grape vines about London, Ontario, and have found the
root-inhabiting form of the PAylloxera vastatrix, the dreaded scourge of
the vine in Europe, in considerable numbers on the young rootlets, and
have been able to clearly trace the diseased condition of those vines to
that cause. [am convinced that this insect prevails to a greater extent
than may at first be suspected throughout our Province, and that it is
inflicting material injury, for besides having found it common about
London, | have satisfactory evidence of its presence in the neighborhood
of Grimsby, where many vines are reported as diseased, and have also

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 145

found it recently injuring the vines at Paris. There are no symptoms
which indicate the first onset of this insect ; it is only after the Phylloxera
has destroyed a large portion of the roots, that the vine assumes a sickly
aspect, becoming stunted in its growth and yellow in the foliage. On
examining the roots of a vine so affected, most of the small rootlets—
through which the vine draws the chief part of its nourishment—are
found dead and with many small knots and swellings on them. If a few
freshly formed, living rootlets can be found, which may in such cases be
looked for about the crown of the vine, these minute lice will usually be
seen clustering upon them, often surrounded by groups of their eggs, and
causing little swellings thereon ; but it frequently happens that when the
vines have reached this depleted condition, no insects can be found ; they
have entirely left them, and traversing the interlacing roots of other vines,
found their way to richer pastures.

This insect occurs in two very different forms ; in one, known as the
gall-inhabiting type, it is found upon the vine leaves, producing in June,
July and August globular or cup-shaped galls of varying sizes, of a green-
ish red or yellowish color, with their outer surface uneven and somewhat
woolly. The enlargement is on the under side of the leaf, and if one is
cut into, it will be found to contain from one to four orange colored, wing-
less lice, and a large number of very minute, oval, pale yellow eggs, with
some newly hatched lice. Soon the gall becomes too thickly populated,
when the surplus lice wander off through its partly opened mouth on the
upper side of the leaf, and establish themselves on the same leaf or on
adjoining younger leaves, where the irritation occasioned by their punc-
tures causes the formation of pew galls, within which the lice mature and
increase. These galls are quite common, especially on leaves of the
Clinton and other thin-leaved varieties, also on the wild grape; they
sometimes occur in such abundance as to cause the leaves to turn brown
and fall prématurely from the vine, and instances are recorded of defoli-
ation from this cause. Late in the season, as the leaves become less
succulent, the lice either perish or seek other quarters, and some of them
find their way to the roots of the vines and establish themselves as already
described, where, with their change of habit, there follows a slight differ-
ence in their appearance. During the winter they remain torpid, renewing
their activity in spring. As the summer advances, a portion of the root
lice acquire wings, when they issue from the ground, and rising in the air,
they fly or are carried with the wind to neighboring vineyards, where they

146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

deposit eggs on the under side of the leaves, among their downy hairs,
beneath the loosened bark of the branches and trunk, or in crevices of the
ground about the base of the vine. The complete life history of this
insect, which is extremely interesting and curious, may be found in the
5th, 6th, 7th and 8th Revorts on the Insects of Missouri, by Prof. C. V.
Riley. ,

The gall-inhabiting type of this insect may be subdued by picking off
the infested leaves and destroying them, but the root-inhabiting type is a
much more difficult form to deal with. Various applications to the soil
have been recommended, such as bisulphide of carbon, and carbolic acid
diluted with water and poured into holes made in the soil about the roots;
soot, lime and ashes-have also been suggested, strewed around the vines.

Several species of predaceous insects prey on this louse. The larva
of a small fly, an undetermined species of Dzf/oszs, deposits its eggs within
the gall, in which the larval and pupal stages are also passed. The larva
of this friendly species, although destitute of legs, is very active, and
groping about within the hollow of the gall, seizes on the young lice as
hatched and sucks them dry. I have found no evidence of its attacking
the parent lice, the newly born and tender progeny being more to its
taste, and in sufficient abundance to furnish it with a constant supply of
fresh food. In some instances one larva, in others two are found in a
single gall, but in no instance have I found living lice with the chrysalids,
an evidence that its beneficial work is completed before this change takes
place. An active mite, Zyroglyphus phylloxera, the larva of a Syrphus
fly, Pipiza radicans, also the larva of a small dull-colored Lady-bird, a
species of Scymnus, all aid in keeping in subjection the root-inhabiting
form.

Most of our American vines are much more vigorous than the Euro-
pean sorts, and hence are likely to endure the inroads of this insect much
better. As the insect is native to our country, our vines must have always
been subject more or less to its attacks, and hence probably have devel-
oped a hardier constitution, with greater capacity for endurance or resist-
ance. Last year I observed on some Concord vines evidences of
unhealthiness, which I now believe arose from the presence of Phylloxera ;
this season most of them seem to have recovered their natural vigor. This
inspires the hope that our vines may be able to endure the presence of this
pest without very serious injury or loss.

During the month of July I received from Prof. J. A. Lintner, State

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147

Entomologist of New York, specimens of parasitized eggs of the Goose-
berry Sawfly, Mematus ventricosus, which he kindly sent me for the purpose
of enabling me to introduce the parasite into Canada. This parasite is a
very minute four-winged fly, prabably Z7zchogamma pretiosa, with very
delicate fringed wings. Some of these I placed while still unhatched near
to eges of the Sawfly recently laid on currant leaves. It is sincerely hoped
that the effort for their introduction into Ontario will be successful, as they
seem to do their work very thoroughly, every egg in the examples sent me
being parasitized. The presence of the parasite may be detected by the
discoloration of the egg, which becomes brown.

Recently I have received from a correspondent in Oakville, Mr. M.
Felan, some examples of the destructive work of Systena frontalis on
grape vine leaves. This beetle, although very generally distributed, has
not, as far as I know, ever been recorded before as destructive or noxious.
In this instance it seems to be quite local in its abundance, as my corre-
spondent informs me that they are not found on his neighbor’s vines,
although very abundant and destructive on his own, eating the green
tissues of the leaf on the upper side and causing it to wither.

Examples of what appears to be a new disease on the pea have lately
been brought to my notice from several localities, under the impression
that it was caused by an insect. The disease manifests itself in a series
of white fleshy swellings at short intervals along the fibrous roots, varying
in size from one-sixteenth of an inch to one-eighth of an inch or more in
diameter, irregular in form, and of a solid fleshy structure. Microscopical
examination has convinced me that it is a fungus growth in the production
of which insects play no part. It appears to have the effect of stunting
the growth of the plants and iessening the crop.

The short fruit crop this year, after the abundant promise of the
spring, has been by many attributed to the work of insects, but this I am
satisfied is an error, for while in many instances a small amount of injury
has been done by insects, the main causes of the failure must be looked
for elsewhere. Insects aré important agents in the fertilization of fruit
blossoms, and at the time of the abundant blossoming of the past season
wet weather prevailed with an unusually low temperature, which prevented
the insects then on the wing from visiting the flowers ; the low prevailing
temperature may have also interfered with the proper maturing of the fer-
tilizing agent, while the frequent rains washed away from the opening

148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

flowers much of the pollen as formed. To these causes combined may
probably be attributed the lack of fertilization of the blossoms. _Follow-
ing this unfavorable weather, and doubtless induced and fostered by it, a
species of minute fungus attacked the leaves, extending over a large por-
tion of their surface, and often down the leaf-stalk to their base, causing a
dark brown discoloration. This same fungus attacked the young fruit
also, deforming a considerable proportion of the few specimens which
were to be found, and these attacks resulted in a withering and curling of
the leaves; the young -fruit became stunted and deformed, and in many
instances much of the foliage dropped to the ground. ‘The effect of this
injury, even at this advanced period in the season, is still to be seen in
the sparseness of the foliage on many of the trees, in the discoloration of ©
the leaves and the stunted growth of the branches.

It is difficult to anticipate with any certainty the effect of this disease
on the fruit crop of next year, but since as a rule any interruption to the
healthy growth of a tree leads to the more abundant production of fruit
buds, it is probable that with a favorable season, we may have a very
abundant yield in 1883.

California has for some years past been shipping fruits from her abun-
dant surplus to all parts of the continent, and her favored climate furnished
conditions under which pears, apples, plums and grapes prospered to an
extent unknown elsewhere, and for many years almost free from the insect
pests which in other fruit-growing regions levy so heavy a tax on the
growers. But this exemption could not be expected to be permanent.
The Codlin Moth made its appearance there in 1874, and ever since then
has been increasing to an alarming extent, the climate favoring its propa-
gation with a rapidity unknown in less favored districts, so that there are
three, and in some instances four broods in a season. ‘They attack the
pears and quinces, as well as the apples, and destroy and disfigure a large
quantity of fruit. California fruit growers are also suffering from the
Phylloxera, Pear-tree Slug, Red Spider, Tussock Moth Caterpillar, the
Currant Borer, a native Tent Caterpillar, C¥szocampa constricta, and a
number of species of bark lice or scale insects, which attack apple, pear,
peach, plum, orange, lemon, fig and olive trees, being found alike on the
bark, foliage and fruit, and which multiply with amazing rapidity. Recog-
nizing the vast importance of the fruit crop to the State, the most stringent
measures are being enacted for the purpose of subduing these pests, An

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149

Act was passed by the State Legislature in March, 1881, in the interests
of horticulture and viticulture, providing for the appointment of a State
Board of Commissioners, one from each of the large fruit-growing dis-
tricts, with almost unlimited powers to restrain, seize, or prohibit the
importation of anything and everything likely to aid in distributing these
insect pests—any suspected vines, vine cuttings, trees, empty fruit boxes
or other material likely to spread insects or contagion, and any willful
violation of the quarantine regulations of this Board is considered a mis-
demeanor and punishable with a fine of from $25 to $100. ‘These Com-
missioners are also charged with the duty of preparing rules to be observed
by fruit growers for the extermination of insects, and suitable powers are
given them to enforce the carrying out of these rules. In reference to
the Codlin Moth, every apple grower is compelled to scrape the rough
bark off his apple trees every spring, to collect and burn the scrapings, and
apply, after scraping, an alkaline wash—the constituent parts of which are
specified—to the tree. All boxes in which apples, pears or quinces have
been stored or shipped are required to be dipped in boiling water con-
taining a pound of commercial potash to each 25 gallons, for ‘at least two
minutes. These measures look to the destruction of the pupa. But,
further, bands of cloth or paper of a specified width must be fastened
around each apple, pear and quince tree, before the fifteenth day of May
in each year, and examined every seventh day afterwards throughout the
season, and all larve or pupe destroyed. Precautionary and remedial
measures are being enforced in reference to many other destructive insects,
and any laxity or omission on the part of fruit growers in carrying out the
instructions of the Commissioners is punishable by fine. The ‘chief officer
of the Commission is required to visit, examine and report upon the fruit
growing interests in the various sections of the State, appoint resident
inspectors for each county to enforce the regulations adopted by the Com-
mission, and to experiment on the best methods of subduing insects and
diseases destructive to fruits, and disseminate the information so obtained.
For the carrying out of these objects an appropriation is made by the State
of ten thousand dollars a year.

Those interested in Economic Entomology will, I am sure, watch with
much interest the effect of such vigorous legislation, and if measures of
this character can be successfully enforced there, why not elsewhere?
There sezms to be a necessity for the general adoption of some stringent
measures which would prevent the careless and lazy from making their

150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

grounds the breeding places of noxious insects which prey upon and
destroy the crops of their more thrifty neighbors.
I have the honor to be,
Yours very sincerely,
WM. SAUNDERS.

There being no further business, the meeting of the Entomological
Society of Ontario was then adjourned.

The meeting then resolved itself into an informal gathering of the
Entomological members of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science, then in session in the city of Montreal.

On motion, Mr. W. Saunders and Mr. E. B. Reed were requested to
act as Chairman and Secretary respectively of the meeting.

Some discussion took place respecting the Entomological Club of the
A. A. A. S., when it was moved by Dr. Hagen and seconded and duly
carried :

Resolved,—That Prof. J. A. Lintner be requested to take the necessary
steps to call further meetings of the Entomologists present at this session
of the Association, at such times and places as might be determined on,
and also to provide for similar meetings for Entomological discussions at
the future annual gatherings of the Association.

PEA FUNGUS.

Mr. Geo. McCloskie, of Princeton, N. J., asked for some information
about a peculiar fungus-like growth on pea roots, referred to in Mr. Saunders’
address. ‘The Chairman gave it as his opinion that it was a fungus.

Samples were shown exhibiting the pea as affected by this disease.

COTTON WORMS.

Mr. Jas. Fletcher asked if there was any further information respecting
the habits of the Cotton Worm Moth, A/etia argillacea, he believing that
from its frequent occurrence in Ontario in such a perfect condition, it must
breed in Canada ; he was aware that the larva had never been found here
and that Prof. Riley had in his able paper on this moth, expressed his
conviction that the moth did not breed in Canada.

Prof. Riley stated that so far as he knew from repeated observations
and experiments, the cotton plant, Gossypium, was the only food plant of
this insect ; he thought that the peculiar formation of close-fitting scales

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 151

of the wings would account for the apparently fresh condition of the
moths found in Ontario, and he believed that the insect possessed ample
powers to fly such a distance as that from the Southern States to Canada.
There might be a probability that the insect bred in the Northern States,
but he was still of the opinion that the moth was a purely Southern
species.

Dr. Hoy stated that he had found in Wisconsin a specimen of the
moth at the end of August, with the fore and hind wing on one side of
the body in a deformed and crippled state, evidently showing that it must
have very recently emerged from the chrysalis. He also stated that a
female moth had been captured near his residence about the middle of
June. He thought the insect must breed in the North sometimes.

Prof. Comstock confirmed Dr. Hoy’s statement as to the finding of the
crippled moth, but thought, however, that the moth generally bred in the
South.

Prof. Fernald said he had seen fresh specimens taken in Sept., in Maine.

The Chairman said that occasionally fresh moths and butterflies might
be captured in entirely new localities, but that generally some probable
reason could be given for their appearance ; as, for instance, he remem-
bered that many years ago two fresh specimens of A7gynuzs columbia had
been found at St. Catharines, Ont., a place where they had never before or
since been observed, but that they had probably found their way there among
the large number of fruit and other trees imported from the States ; still,
however, no such probable reason had been suggested for the appearance of
the Cotton Worm Moth in Ontario, in such frequent numbers and at so
many different localities. The matter was one of great interest.

Mr. Fletcher said he hoped the members would continue their obser-
vations of this insect, the larva of which, if found in Canada, would

probably feed on some Ma/vaceous plant.
(To be Continued.)

RE-PUBLICATION OF VOLUMES I. anp II.—In consequence of the
demand from various European scientific societies and others for complete
sets of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, the Editing Committee have found
it necessary to reprint the first and second volumes, which had been long
out of print. The Society can now supply at the usual price copies of all
the volumes, on application to the Sec.-Treas., Mr. E. Baynes Reed,
London, Ont.

152 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF COPASODES.
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

CopmopDEsS WRIGHTII.
Male.—Expands .g inch.

Upper side yellow-ochre color; costal margin of primaries black on
the edge, and hind margins of both wings edged black, scarcely more than
a line ; costal margin of secondaries broadly bordered black ; the ends
of the nervules on primaries edged black for a little distance ; on the disk
a black sexual narrow bar, broken into three parts, and crossing obliquely
the lower median and submedian interspaces ; fringes pale black shading
into whitish.

Under side pale yellow-ochre of one shade; a little dusky near base
of primaries, otherwise immaculate.

Female.—Expands 1.2 inch.
Color of male, the nervules not edged black ; immaculate.
Under side as in the male.

From 4 ¢,2 2, part of 18 examples taken in the Mohave Desert,
So. California, July, 1882, by Mr. W. G. Wright.

Mr, Wright says: ‘‘ 1 have made a four days’ trip to reach the Mohave
Desert. | We went over a pass 6,000 feet high, in the higher portions of
which I saw a few Chionobas? but took only three, as they were very
skillful in getting into the thorn bushes. Next on the high dry plain, I
took a ¢ Anthocharis, perhaps Zanceolata. Then it was pertectly dry
and barren for 20 miles to Mohave River. About 60 rods from the river
came a change in the vegetation, the whole ground being covered with a
salt weed somewhat resembling eastern “‘ hog weed,” but more branched,
and upon the flowers of that I saw these bright little yellow Copzodes.
I instantly jumped out and told my companion to go on to the river, and
then and there I collected 18 of them. More could have been got, but
they were rather lively, and I thought I had enough, especially as I saw
other things, one of which was a black species (Amblyscirtes Zzdya).
Here also I took a few Pamphila Sadu/eti and P. Campestris. In
the desert I saw an orange butterfly” (probably Zézzas), “‘ but could not
take it. The flight of this was exceedingly rapid and erratic, and over
bushes which rendered pursuit difficult or impossible. These orange

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 153

butterflies were always several miles from water. When I went out I
thought I should find a good many insects at the watering places, water
being so scarce there, but on the contrary, I found few or none there.
The springs or wells are 15 to 25 miles apart, and the-intervening desert
is absolutely dry and parched, yet in good part is covered with bushes of
several kinds, cactus, etc., and also sometimes with a monstrous tree, the
“ Joshua,” Vucca brevifolia, which looks as if it belonged to another
world. No gnats, no mosquitoes, but few birds, no squirrels, very few
snakes and those all rattlers, but plenty of sand and so hot! The sun
beats duwn with vertical rays and the air is like that from a furnace. I
saw no other butterfly at the river than I have mentioned, except one
Danais, small, pale-colored, and it seemed to me differently marked from
any I have seen at San Bernardino.”

NOLES JON. THE LARVA, OF, BUCCULATRIX
AMBROSIASFOLIELLA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY.

This species was described by me in the Cincinnati Quarterly Journal
of Science, v. 2, p. 119, and it was said to feed upon the leaves of
Ambrosia trifida, in the larval stage. Afterwards, in a note in the Ameri-
can Entomologist, I suggested that as it had only been bred from a
collection of leaves of that plant, and had not actually been seen feeding,
and as some species of Bucculatrix sometimes crawl away from their food
plants to pupate, it was possible that it might turn out that this larva did
not feed upon Ambrosia. This summer, however, I have been fortunate
enough to find the larva mining the leaves of A. frifida, and also of
several varieties of Ae/zanthus ; indeed it is much more numerous on
Helianthus than on Ambrosia. Lithocolletis ambrosieella and L. heltantht-
vorella feeding on the same plants, many would -consider only varieties of
one species ; as also many would consider Zischeria ambrosieella and T.
heliopsisella, which feed on the same plants, and on /ediopsis, varieties of
one species. It is a little singular that so many of these minute leaf-
mining species should feed on so many varieties.and species of Helianthus
and Aé“iopsis, and all on the single species of Ambrosta, and on no other

154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

species of that genus, except that Zischeria ambrosiefoliella feeds also on
Ambrosia artemistfolia. Butalis matutella feeds on A. ¢rifida and on
Asters ; but not, so far as is known, on any other species of Ambrosia, nor
on Helianthus or Heltopsis. A. trifida seems to be a point from which
they radiate, so to speak, to other Composite.

In the published description of Bucculatrix ambrosiefoliellal find that
I have omitted to mention the minute tuft of brown scales on the dorsal
margin of the fore wings, and that in the sentence which reads, “the
scales between the black internal edging of the arc, and the costal margin,
are ochreous,” the word ‘ dorsal” should be substituted for ‘ costal.”

The larvee of several species of Bucculatrix are known in Europe;
but in this country, until now, Dr. Clemens’ ‘‘ mere mention” of the larva
of B. pomifoliella Clem., is all that has been published. Briefly the larval
habits of the genus may be thus summarized: The larva while very young
mines in leaves, and leaving the mine, it feeds externally, moulting once
in a little cocoonet, and again in a singular ribbed cocoon, where it passes
the pupa stage. Dr. Clemens says truly that the larva of B. pomifoliella
feeds on apple leaves, and pupates “in an elongate, dirty white, ribbed
cocoon,” but this, with a brief description of the larva in one of its
stages, is about all of the information that he gives us about it. 2B. pomi-
foliella is not uncommon in this region (Kentucky), but I have never met
with the larva, and until I met with the larva of B. ambrosiefoliella, larve
of this genus have been unknown to me.

I have elsewhere suggested that, owing to certain structural resem-
blances of the pupz of Bucculatrix and Lithocolletis, it would be found,
when the larva of Bucculatrvix was dissected, that it belonged to the same
larval group with Lzthocolletis, Gracillaria, etc. In this group of larvee
the mouth parts are in the first stages very imperfect, the maxilla, and
both maxillary and labial palpi, are either entirely wanting or very rudi-
mentary, and the other mouth organs are of very different form and struc-
ture from that of ordinary caterpillars. At some subsequent moult (first,
third or fifth, as the case may be—varying in different genera and species
of the group) this “ordinary” form is assumed, and I have therefore
usually mentioned the imperfect form as the “first” form, and the other
as the ‘“‘second” or “ordinary” form. My suggestion as to Bucculatrix
was that, where the mouth parts of the larva in its first stage were
examined, it would be found to have mouth parts of the “ first” form,
because in its pupa state certain structures of the head and znd segment

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 155

are similar to structures possessed by Lithocolletis, Gracilaria, and other
genera, the larva of which in their early stages have mouth parts of the
“first” form. A peculiarity of this “first” form is that, owing to the
structure of the mouth parts, the larva possessing them can not feed down
into the parenchyma like a larva having trophi of the “ ordinary” form,
but can only eat in the plane in which the larva lies, consuming a few of
the cells of the parenchyma lying next to the cuticle, and leaving all
beneath it uneaten ; while a larva with the “ordinary ” form eats out the
whole parenchyma, or at least eats down into it. A glance at the mine
of B. ambrosiefoliella was therefore sufficient to show me that my sugges-
tion as to the group to which Azculatrix belongs was unfounded ; the
entire parenchyma was eaten out, and therefore the trophi were of the
“second” form, and different from those of Zzthocolletis, etc. On closer
inspection, however, the earliest part of the mine did not appear to have
all of the parenchyma eaten out. Still it did not have the appearance of
amine of a larva having the “first” form of trophi; the eaten portion
did not all lie close to the cuticle, but the parenchyma was irregularly
eaten into—sometimes eaten almost through—in a way that could not be
done by a larva with the “first” form of trophi, but which might have
been done by a very young and small larva with trophi of the “second ”
form, and dissection showed that this was the truth of the matter. The
larva never has trophi of the “ first” form in any stage.

But among larvee having trophi of the “ second” form, there are sub-
groups, each of which presents important differences from the others in
the structure of the different organs. ‘Thus, so far as I have examined, all
the larvee of Rhopalocera have trophi differing in some respects from those
of Heterocera, except that the larva of the Tineid, Plutella cruciferarum,
has larval trophi resembling those of the Skippers. The Attacidz again
form a sub-group. All of the other He/erocera again, except some of the
Tineids to be presently mentioned, form another sub-group. These
“ other Tineids” comprise .Cemzostoma, which stands alone; TZzscheria,
which also stands alone in some respects, whilst in others it resembles’
Bedellia, Antispila, Aspidisca and some others which are more or less
similar to them, though differing from them in some respects, and among
these is LVepticula. All of these I class in a single sub-group of larve.
The larval trophi of Buccu/atrix more nearly resemble those of JVepticula
than any of the others. Mr. Stainton (not mentioning the larval trophi)
has already written of Bucculatrix; ‘‘ This genus offers several points of

156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

resemblance with the next family” (Vepticulide), ‘“‘but the larve have
six well-developed true legs.”—Ins. Brit., v. 3, p. 290. The six legs seem
to have been Mr. Stainton’s chief, if not only reason, for excluding Auccu-
latrix from LVepticulide, in which the six true legs ‘‘ are wanting, and they
are replaced by membranous processes or prolegs, yet neither on these
segments nor on the remaining segments, each of which is furnished with
a pair of prolegs (making eighteen in all), have the prolegs the usual
coronet of little hooks” (Ibid, p. 296). Dr. Clemens says of B. pomt-
Joliella that the legs are “ very small,” and though this can not be said of
B. ambrosiefoliella, yet its anal prolegs are destitute of the coronet of little
hooks, having only a single little spine ; while the abdominal prolegs have
each only these little claws, rather than the usual tubercles ; so that I do
not hesitate to place Bucculatrix in the same larval group with Vepticula.
The thoracic feet have each a single claw which is set around with numer-
ous, rather stiff, bristles, and, as hereafter shown, are used to guide the
thread in spinning the cocoon. Each segment of the body is clothed with
numerous hairs, especially the pro-thoracic segment, where the hairs are
stiff and project forward over the head; this segment in the adult larva
has twelve microscopic red-brown spots, ten of which are on the back—
four of them in the angles of a square, three others obliquely on each side
of the square, and one other, larger but more indistinct, on each side ;
these spots I think are hypodermal.

The egg, a minute colorless globule, is deposited on the upper surface
of the leaf, and the larva, leaving it, makes at first a short, tortuous, linear
mine, which ends in a small blotch with the frass in compact lines. The
first stage lasts probably between three and four days (the youngest larva
I have seen was a little more than one-fortieth of an inch long). The
larva at this stage is sordid white. Having ceased to feed, it doubles
itself in what Mr. Stainton calls horse-shoe shape, the ventral surface of the
anterior half being applied to that of the posterior half of the body, and
thus it undergoes its first moult in the mine. © The larva, when it has cast
its old skin, is no longer sordid white, but is striped longitudinally ; there
is a dorsal green stripe, margined on each side by a white line, beneath
which is another green stripe on each side, containing on each segment
two white spots placed obliquely, the lower spot being the largest, and
the under surface is pale greenish ; the larva frequently has a faint pink
tinge, and the longitudinal stripes, which are very faint at first, become
darker with age. It remains in the mine and feeds for about one day

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 157

after its first moult ; then leaves it, and feeds externally for about two
days, usually on the under side of the leaf, but occasionally also on the
upper side. ‘There it spins beside a rib a thin sheet of white silk, beneath
which it spins a cocoonet, in which it again assumes the horse-shoe shape,
and passes in about a day to second moult. Emerging from its cocoonet,
it continues to feed externally for three days, when either on the plant or
near to it, it spins its ribbed cocoon, in which it passes the pupa state. I
have not observed accurately the length of this stage; in August it is
about a week. The mature larva is about three lines long.

I have trequently been puzzled to understand how the larva could spin
this singular cocoon, but I have now fortunately been enabled to watch it
at work under the microscope. The cocoon shows six longitudinal ribs or
ridges, with depressions like valleys between them. Each rib consists of
four threads, and is four times as thick as the depressions ; the threads of
the ribs are longitudinal and rigid, those of the valleys run obliquely
transverse, and each is permitted to droop or sag down, and they are spun
first from right to left, then from left
to right, crossing each other at a some-
what acute angle, the one set being
kept always about four threads in
advance of the other, the finished por-
tion of the cocoon showing the two
threads crossing each other, while the
unfinished shows only two threads
without any thread crossing them, as
shown in fig. 1 at a finished, at b
unfinished, portion of the cocoon.
But properly speaking, this is no part of the cocoon, but only a reticulated
frame or net-work, within and attached to which the true cocoon is spun.
The whole net-work is a continuous thread, with no break ; each trans-
verse thread continues entirely across the cocoon, but the ribs are not
continuous threads the length of the cocoon ; each rib is made by a mul-
titudinous succession of movements forward and back again, each move-
ment only the length of the space between two transverse threads.
Whenever in the transverse movement of the head, the apex of the
spinneret touches a rib, it is moved forward and back again. Thus, the
larva (having laid the floor or foundation of its reticulated frame-work by
spinning its web somewhat densely over the portion of the leaf that is to

158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

be covered by it, and for some little distance around it) reaches at length,
we will say, the point a, fig. 1, when it is ready to begin the reticulated
work. Working backwards, the head is now drawn back and a little out
to a3; the claw of the fore foot is here applied to the thread (which has
no elasticity, or very little, and which hardens the instant it is fairly out of
the spinneret) ; the head is drawn back along the line towards a, as far as
a 2, where it leaves the hardened thread, using the claw again, and passes
obliquely down and forwards again to the foot of the second rib at c, where
it is attached to the floor, and the thread again bent on the claw, is
retracted a little upwards nearly parallel to the line a and a 3, to the point
d@ in the figure, when, again bent on the claw, it is carried forward (adjoin-
ing the newly spun thread) to the point e, where it leaves the thread (just
as it did at a2), and passes obliquely forwards again to the foot of the
third rib at f, and this is repeated until the spinneret arrives at the point
g at the base of the other side of the cocoon. It is then carried along
the floor of the cocoon back to the point a 2, then it is again retracted to
the point @ 4, where it is bent on the claw and advanced again to a3. In
retracting the head from a@ to a 3, a single thread is left; returning it to a2
adds another thread along that part; from @ 2 toc there is only a single
thread ; retracting it to @ leaves a single thread of course, while advancing
it to e leaves another that far, and the thread leaves the rib, being carried
to f, as above stated. Thus the base or beginning of each rib (at a and
¢, etc.) would consist only of a single thread, but while the spinneret is
there it is passed several times up and down that part, and the thread is
thus strengthened, and sometimes while at work on the reticulated net, the
larva, on reaching the floor, would pass its spinneret over it in various
directions, advancing under it up to its very beginning, thickening the
floor, and fastening the attachments of the ribs to it, and sometimes
retiring and entirely leaving the net-work so far that I thought it had left
it finally ; but it always returned, and continued its work on the reticulated
frame which, as before stated, forms at first only the outer covering of the
true cocoon. Hitherto the larva has been building in front of, around and
over its head, gradually retiring as the work advanced towards it ; there-
fore to make a line in one of the ribs it would retract its head, while to
double the line it would advance its head or spinneret. Each of the
obliquely transverse lines was permitted to sag down between the ribs and
was long enough to do so by its own weight. To make each line in a rib
the head was retracted the distance between three transverse lines, and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159

then, bending the thread, it was advanced over the space between two of
these (that is, about one-hundredth of an inch) to the point where it
leaves one rib to proceed to the next one.

But thus far we have each rib composed of only two threads and the
transverse lines running in only one direction. | How is it as to the other
set of obliquely transverse lines which cross the first set? and how are
the two additional threads added to each rib? All of this is done pre-
cisely as the first set was made. Returning from the side g 8 of the
frame, the work is only a repetition in the opposite direction of the work
first done as above related. Having finished about three-fourths of the
frame, retreating from it and working towards itself, as above stated, the
larva now passes up into it, adding to the floor and the foundations as it
goes, till having reached the upper end, it doubles upon itself, and reverses
its position, protruding about one-fourth of its body through the open end
of the frame, which it now begins anew from the other end and repeats
here the work already done, until the two portions almost touch. Then
it ceases to follow the regular pattern of the reticulation, and by a series
of longitudinal threads passed rapidly to and fro, connects the two pieces
of the frame much as a tailor darns a rent in a garment, and this darn
may be detected even in an old cocoon. The larva is now completely
enclosed in the frame work, and immediately begins to spin its cocoon
proper within it. This occupies only the central position, not extending
into either end of the frame. It works very rapidly, and in three hours
from the time that it begins to spin is entirely concealed from sight.

It is very interesting to watch the little architect at work upon its
reticulated frame. It evidently understands its trade, whether we call it
a house-builder or weaver. It knows exactly what it has to do, and how
to do it, and “ goes straight along” with its work with an air of as much
conscious intelligence and understanding as any other builder of homes
either with or without hands. It is difficult to watch its operations with-
out feeling that here is a conscious intelligence at work. All other known
species of the genus, save one, make these ribbed cocoons, and to do so
they must work much as this one does. How the instinct to makea
cocoon, and especially one like this, ever originated—what advantage in
“the struggle for existence” the reticulated pattern possesses over a
common one in which the threads are carried hither and thither appar-
ently without order or plan—and why this instinct should be lacking in a
single species, are questions as unanswerable as why some spiders are

160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

geometricians. I will only add that if the larva ceased to spin when the
reticulated frame work is finished, the cocoon would belong to the same
class with those of Plutella cructferarum and a few others which pupate
simply in an open network.

Fig. 1 is very imperfect. It should represent the transverse lines not
only as oblique, but as sagging down more than they do, and should show
more clearly that each, on reaching a rib, passes along it, over the space
between these lines, and is bent back over the space between two. It is
proper, perhaps, to state that the threads harden so quickly, or lose their
viscidity so quickly, that two threads in contact seldom adhere except
immediately at the point of the spinneret.

I will add that so far as I have examined bred specimens of the imago,
those from Ambrosia have the markings more sharply defined and the
brown scales darker than those from /e/zanthus.

GoniLopa (ELudamus) Tityrus, Fab.—I have within the last few
days of the end of August made a capture of numerous specimens of the
larvee of two skippers—hitherto, it has been considered, rather rare in this
locality, only an occasional specimen of either larva or butterfly being seen.

On a few locust trees and young second-growth of Robinia pseudacia,
adjoining my office, I took in about an hour some eighty specimens, and
I am satisfied a very little exertion would have procured another hundred ;
on a subsequent search I also found them in another locality some dis-
tance off. The larvee were nearly all three parts grown, and some just
beginning to enter the pupal stage ; in only one or two instances did I
discover very young specimens. It is worthy of note that I only saw
three specimens of the butterfly this summer, so that it could not have
been very common. Dr. Harris says ‘ that the viscid locust tree is some-
times almost completely stripped of its leaves by these insects, or presents
only here and there the brown and withered remains of foliage which has
served asa temporary shelter to the caterpillars.” I could not see, how-
ever, that the larve had done any appreciable harm to the trees on which
I found them, although their numbers would have led me to look for very
material injury. I would state also that in some seven or eight instances
in examining the empty leafy cases formed by the larve, I found single
specimens of Clytus pictus, who seemed to enjoy the cool retreat thus
provided for them from the heat of the sun.

E. Baynes REED, London, Ont

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. XIV. LONDON, ONT., SEPTEMBER, 1882. No.9

IS PAEDISCA SCUDDERIANA A GALL-MAKER?

BY D. S. KELLICOTT, BUFFALO, N. Y.
’

A gall from a Golden-rod, out of which a moth of this species has
escaped, is figured in Second Report Insects of Missouri, page 134. In
the accompanying description the author says: ‘There are some doubts
in my mind as to whether it is a real gall-maker, or an inquiline, or an
intruder on my true Solidago gall-maker ( Gelechia gallesolidaginis ).” ‘‘My
' Teasons for thinking this insect an intruder are, first, because if it were a
true gall-maker, we should naturally expect to find its gall more common ;
second, because on several occasions I have found within the Gelechia
galls a pale worm very different from the true gray gall-making larva.” In
the Can. ENT., x., 202, I asserted, perhaps too abruptly, that this moth is
not an intruder, but the cause of the gall in which it resides during the
larval and pupal states. In the paper cited I gave my reasons for this
conclusion, reasons which I considered sufficient, namely: that it was
very abundant about Buffalo, that I had followed the larve in the galls
from soon after hatching and soon after they had pierced the stem until
final transformation, and that their gall habits were somewhat character-
istic. In Bulletin No. 6 of the United States Entomological Commission,
page 57, referring to this species (under the name Luryptychia saligneana
Clem.), Mr. Riley says: ‘From comparison of female specimens I am
led to believe that this is the same species that is commonly known in
Europe as Spz/onota roborana Schiff. . . . The insect in Europe is
known to feed on the leaf-buds of the rose. I have abundant proof that
in this country it is not a gall-maker, but as was inferred in the Report, an
inquiline. I have found its larva feeding upon the flowers as well as amid
the terminal leaves of the Golden-rod, and I have also found it in other
galls.” The above statements have led me to again examine the matter,
and inasmuch as I cannot find evidence in support of the writer’s views,
but rather to confirm my own, I desire to record my observations.

This year I noted that the Ge/echia galls were of full size before P.
Scudderiana escaped from the pupa, and G. gallesolidaginis escaped from

162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

its gall before those of the other were completely formed. ‘These were
observed as slight swellings or rings about the middle of July, and to grow
quite slowly, attaining full size by the beginning of September ; besides,
the Paedisca galls, as a rule, are in entirely different situations, as pointed
out in the previous paper referred to. The Gelechia galls are ordinarily
on the stem below the branches, and usually only one occurs on the same
plant ; the other forms them higher among the branches, or, as often hap-
pens, on the branches themselves: As many as eleven galls have been
counted on one plant. Likewise the differences of form, structure,
position and date of appearance between this gall and that of 7rypeta
solidaginis, render it quite improbable that the one has any relation to the
other. ‘There is no other known gall that could be suspected.

I have again this summer observed larve of this species of all sizes in
galls of corresponding sizes, from mere protuberances on the tender stems
up to the well formed characteristic galls. This, it seems to me, is direct
evidence of its gall-making habits.

The following experiments have a tendency to confirm such belief.
Some Golden-rods, late in June, were planted in a bottomless pail sunk in
the earth of my garden and closely covered by a net of tarlatan ; some
days later several old galls containing living pupze were placed under the
net. Early in July moths were observed within. August 8th the net was
removed and several small yet unmistakable Paedisca galls were found on
the Golden-rods. September 11th, the same are nearly of the usual size
at maturity ; no larvee have appeared among the leaves at any date since
the cover was removed. August roth, I removed about a dozen of
different sizes from their galls to the leaves and flowers of the above men-
tioned isolated plants ; in a day or two all had disappeared except one
which was boring into the stem at the axil of a branch, and at the end of
a week it had caused a slight gall-like enlargement of the same. At
another time a number of larvee of different sizes were taken from their
galls and placed on leaves and flowers of their food-plant in a feeding
box ; they refused to feed, and after days of ceaseless effort to escape
died of starvation. Perhaps this result should have been expected, rather
than submission to so material a change of food and residence.

After diligent search I have not found what I take for this larva feed-
ing on the leaves or flowers, and in but one instance have I found it in
any but its own gall, then in what was apparently an abandoned one of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 163

the Gelechia, in which, as it seems to me, it had taken refuge after an ac-
cident to its own home.

I do not deny, however, that it may feed elsewhere upon leaves and
flowers of the Golden-rod, or that it may occupy other galls ; but I feel
sure that, at least in this vicinity, it habitually makes the abundant gall
in which it resides.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF
NEONYMPHA AREOLATUS, SmirH—Aspot.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

Ecc—Nearly globular ; the surface smooth under a low power, but
under a high one, thickly covered with shallow depressions, which are
irregular in size and also in form, being pentagonal, rounded or oval ;
color pale green. Duration of this stage about 6 days.

Younc Larva.—Length .12 inch; cylindrical, nearly even, tapering a
little posteriorly, the last segment bluntly forked; color delicate green ;
over the surface many white hairs, and among these are black clubbed |
hairs disposed in longitudinal rows, four on the dorsum of each segment,
two in front, two in rear ; feet and legs green ; head large, about twice as
_ broad as any body segment, sub-globose, a little depressed at top; on
each vertex a short semi-ovoid appendage, at the top giving out two
divergent black hairs ; just below vertex, on the front, is a similar smaller
appendage with single hair, and on the side half way down is a second ;
color black. Towards the end of this stage the color of body changes to
decided green, and several longitudinal stripes appear ; on either side of a
dark green medio-dorsal stripe is a whitish one, a similar one on middle
of side and another along base. Duration of this stage about 8 days, but
depending on the weather.

After rst moult—Length .22 inch ; slender, the dorsum slightly arched
and sloping posteriorly ; the tails longer, tapering ; color of body green,
the tails faintly red; surface quite thickly covered with fine yellowish

_ tubercular points, partly arranged in longitudinal rows, ten in all, on either
side one next the medio-dorsal green stripe, one sub-dorsal, two on mid-
side and one along base ; under side, feet and legs green; head ovoidal,
truncated, depressed at top; on each vertex a low conical process ; surface
rough with sharp tubercles, of varying size, each with very short bristle ,

164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

color of back of head and of the triangle over mandibles deep green, the
rest of the front and the processes on vertices red-brown, with two green
patches on front, one on either side the suture ; ocelli emerald-green.
But some larvee have the head wholly green, the vertex process reddish ;
one had a brown band across the forehead, the rest green; one had the
front face except the triangle brown, the cheeks green. To next moult
about 9 days.

After 2nd moult.—Length .3 inch; shape as before; color yellow-
green ; stripes as before; head as at second stage, sometimes wholly
green, sometimes partly brown ; one example had the left cheek brown,
the other green. To next moult about 7 days.

After 3rd moult.— Length .7 inch ; very slender, yellow-green. In all
examples bred by myself this was the closing larval stage.

Mature Larva.—Length 1.1 to 1.3 inch; slender, thickest in middle
segments, the dorsum well arched, and the slope equal either way to 2 and
12; segments 3 and 4 are creased, and divided into five rounded and
nearly equal ridges ; after this, there are six ridges, the front one broader
than any other and flattened, the rest being somewhat rounded ; 13 ends
in two small tapering divergent tails ; color of body yellow-green ; surface
thickly covered with small sharp tubercles placed irregularly, but most
dense in certain longitudinal lines, one such on either side of the medio-
dorsal dark stripe ; one sub-dorsal from head to end of tail ; two.on the
side, and one, more conspicuous, along base,’ ten lines in all ; tails red-
dish ; under side, feet and legs, green; spiracles buff; head obovoid,
truncated, the top depressed ; on each vertex a little conical process, red-
dish ; surface rough with fine green tuberculations, among which are a few
whitish ones, each with short white bristle ; ocelli emerald-green in brown
rings. Duration of this stage about 13 days.

CurysaLis.—Length, ¢~ .48 inch; greatest breadth at mesonotum
and also at abdomen, .18 inch; 2 (probably) .54 inch, breadth .20 ;
cylindrical, the abdomen stout, conical ; the wing cases a little raised on
dorsal side ; head case very short, scarcely projecting beyond mesonotum,
bevelled transversely to a sharp edge, roundly excavated on either side, the
top very little incurved ; mesonotum rounded, carinated, the sides nearly
flat or a little excavated ; color green, the edges of carina, wing cases and
top of head case cream-color; surface much covered with points and
small patches of whitish, not distinct enough to detract from the general
green hue. Duration of this stage about ro days.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165

In 1882, I carried three larve to chrysalis, and all passed but three
moults. I received these larve from Dr. Wm. Wittfeld, Indian River,
Fla., 17th July. He mailed the eggs 11th July, and had obtained them
by confining a female over grass. When the larve reached me they were
in their first stage, and the

Ist moult was passed 2oth July.

and. ** x 29th."
Cade ag . 5th Aug.
2 larve suspended 16th “
They pupated P7 thas
A‘thid © 20th)

Imago from last chr. (%) 30th Aug.
(The other chrysalids I put in alcohul.)
But Mrs. Peart carried one larva to chrysalis, and it passed 4 moults.
This came from
Egg laid 7th May, 1882.
Egg hatched 12th “

Ist moult 2nd June.
end “ r5th
gid...‘ 3rd July.
Ath,“ rsth:

In chr. 28th, , “

I have the casts of the face of this larva, which so passed 4 moults,
and can compare them with casts from the larve raised by myself, calling
the former A, the latter B:

A.—Diameter of head at 2nd moult, .o23 in.; B, same stage, .023.

73 oe 3rd cc 04 73 ce .057.
ce 73 4th (73 .065
% f chry. I ** at chry. .08.

So that A and B were alike at 2nd moult ; B at 3rd was between 3rd and
4th of A, and at pupation was smaller than A. In fact the larva which
passed 4 moults was larger than either of mine, and the chrysalis from it
measured .54 inch in length, against .48 in the other case. This chrysalis
failed to give an imago, but probably it was a female, and it is possible
that the difference in number of moults may be sexual.

I have had great difficulty in bringing larvee of Areolatus to maturity,
and I may say the same of N. Canthus, and in repeated instances have
failed when feeding them on lawn grass. The eggs of both species are

166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

naturally laid on coarse grasses, and I found, this season, that by selecting
Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum the larvee fed more readily than before and
were healthy.

Areolatus is common in Florida and Georgia, and has been taken by
Mr. E. M. Aaron on the summit of one of the high mountains of East
Tennessee.

CLOTHES MOTHS.
BY PROF. C. H. FERNALD, STATE COLLEGE, ORONO, MAINE.

Nearly a year ago my attention was especially called to the insects
which prey upon woolen fabrics, and which are generally known as
“clothes moths.” In going over the literature of the subject at that time
and comparing it with the notes which I had made from time to time, I
became convinced that what we have in our books pertaining to these in-
sects is very imperfect and faulty, and that there was need of a thorough
revision. This held true, not only of the species which destroy clothing,
but also of many other species in the family Tied.

I therefore obtained, by purchase and otherwise, as large a collection
as possible from all parts of the United States—over twelve hundred
specimens—and sent them to Lord Walsingham, in England, for com-
parison with the European species. This collection has just been re-
turned to me, and the notes and descrivtions which his lordship has made
on it will soon appear in the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.

From the studies thus far made it appears that such of the European
species as attack clothing have already been introduced irito this country,
and the probabilities are that we have no native species possessed of
similar habits.

In 1841, Harris’s Insects of Massachusetts appeared, in which a gen-
eral account of clothes moths was given, taken from Duponchel and other
European works, and including a brief description of a moth attacking
white flannel in the cases of the Boston Society of Natural, History, which,
as he stated, agreed with the description of Tinea flavifrontella of the
older naturalists. Harris omitted to mention whether or not the larva of
this species made a case of the flannel in which it lived. Later editions
of Harris’s work merely repeat the same thing.

Dr. Packard, in his Guide to the Study of Insects, p. 346, described

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167

the clothes moth under the name Zinea flavifrontelia, Linn.; but Linneus
never described a species under this name. Packard has confounded
two species in his account in the Guide, and also in his Common Insects,
p: 64, as shown by Lord Walsingham. His larva is that of a case-
making species—7Z?vea fellionella, Linn., while his imago is that of Z7zneola
biselliella, Hum., the larva of which does not make any case. See also
Am. Nat. Vol. L, p. 423, and the Report of the Ent. Soc. of Ontario,
1873, p. 27.

Clemens and also Chambers have redescribed the introduced Euro-
pean species as shown in the synonomy below. Tinea pellionella, Linn., Sys-
tema Nature, 1oth edition, p. 536, 1758, is our only case-making clothes
moth, so far as I can ascertain, and although redescribed under other
names in this country, it has been easily recognized by European en-
tomologists, from the description of Linneus and the earlier accounts of
Reaumur. This species has an expanse of wing from 10-14 m.m. The
head is of a dull ochreous color, the fore-wings grayish ochreous, with
three fuscous spots, one at the end of the cell, another on the fold, a little
before the middle of the wing, and the third on the cell above the last-
named spot. These’spots are scarcely visible, except in fresh specimens.
Hind wings silky gray, lighter than the forewings. The case which this
species constructs is well described in Packard’s writings mentioned above.
This is, in this region, our most common and destructive species, attack-
ing all kinds of woolen clothing, carpets, furs, feathers, etc. I have bred
this insect repeatedly, and find that it feeds during the summer but not in
the winter, even when kept in a room warmed by a furnace where the
heat was uniform day and night. The moths emerge in June and July,
and some even as late as August, yet there is but a single generation an
nually, so faras I have observed.

Tineola biselliella, Hum. Ess. Ent., 3, 13, p. p. 6-13; 1823. This
species was separated from the genus Z%ea by Herrich Scheffer, because
of the absence of the maxillary palpi. It has an alar expanse of about 14
m.m. The head is dull ochreous, differing but slightly from that of
pellionella. Y¥ore-wings pale ochreous, without spots. Hind wings some-
what lighter. This insect does not construct any larval case, but accord-
ing to Stainton, webs together portions of the substance upon which it
feeds into a cocoon before changing to a pupa. It feeds on woolen stuffs,
furs, feathers, horse-hair, linings of furniture, dried plants, etc. Packard
describes the imago of this species under his Ztmea flavifrontedla.

168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Tinea tapetzella, Linn. Systema Nature, toth ed., vol. I, p. 536,
1758. The alar expanse of this insect is about 18m. m, Head and face
white. The wings black from the base to the middle and white beyond,
the black color extending out a little further on the costa than on the
hinder margin. ‘The white of the outer portion of the wing is more or less
clouded with dark gray, and there is a small black spot at the anal angle,
and two or three at the apex of the wing. Hind wings pale gray. This
species is apparently quite rare in this country. The larva in Europe feeds
on animal matters, pelts, felts, carpets and also on dried plant substances,
forming a gallery of the substance on which it occurs, thus destroying
much more than it eats.

In 1776 Denis and Schiffermiller published a catalogue of the insects
in the Royal Museum in Vienna, giving very brief descriptions of the
species, one of whieh they called Tinea flavifrontella, and their deserip-
tion was as follows: “Shining gray moth with yellowish head. Larva
unknown.” The type in the Vienna collection was long ago destroyed,
and from this meagre description it is now impossible to tell what the in-
sectis. Fabricius next used the name in his Extomologia Systematica,
Vol. 3, part 2, p. 305, (1794), for an insect in the collection of Bosc, and
states that the larva feeds on insects and feathers, but it is not certain that
he ever saw the type in the Vienna collection, if, indeed, it was even then
in existence.

In 1801, Illiger issued a second edition of the Vienna catalogue, and
gives not only what is in the original edition, but adds the description by
Fabricius, which may not pertain to the Vienna moth at all. In 1821
Charpentier published the notes which he made on an examination of the
insects in the Vienna collection, and states that the type of Zinea favi-
Jrontelia was not in the collection, but at what time it was destroyed I am
not able to learn. In 1833 Treitschke published the description of a
moth under the same name, giving the credit to the Vienna catalogue, but
it is quite certain that he did not know the original type of Tinea flave-
Jrontella for it had disappeared long before he made his studies on the
microlepidoptera.

In 1823, Hummel described a clothes-destroying moth, under the name
of Tinea bisellielia, which was, without much doubt, identical with the
species described by Fabricius, Hubner and Treitschke, but as they had
used the name given in the Vienna catalogue for an unknown and per-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169

haps different moth, the name é¢se//ie//a is now universally accepted, and
fiavifrontella is dropped from the lists.
The synonomy of the above species is as follows :
TINEA PELLIONELLA, Linn. Systema Mature, Vol. 1., X., Ed.
1758.
Tinea carnariella, Clem. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. pp. 257, 258. 1859
Tinea griseella, Cham. Can. Ent. V., p. 88. 1873.
Tinea flavifrontella. Pack. Guide, p. 346 (larva only). 1872.
This is our case-making species, and should be known by the name of
Tinea pellionella, Linn.
TINEA TAPETZELLA, Linn., Systema Nature Ed. X., Vol.,1.,p. 536. 1758.
This is a gallery-making species.
TINEA BISSELLIELLA, Hum. Ess. Ent. 3, 13, p. 6-13. 1823.
Tinea Crinella, Treits Schm. von Eur., B. TX., p. 21. 1832.
Linea Destructor, Steph. Ill., Vol. IV., p. 346. 1834.
Tinea Biselliella, Zell. Isis. 1846.
Tineola Biselliella, H.-S. Schm. von Europa, Vol. V., p. 81. 1853.
Tinea lanartella, Clem. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 258. 1859.
Tinea flavifrontella, Pack. Guide, p. 346 (imago only). 1872.
This is not a case-making species. It should be known by the name
of Zineola biselliella, Hum.

NEW MOTHS.
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M.

Copablepharon Longipenne, un. s.

Eyes naked ; tibiz spinose. Fore wings clear light buff yellow with
an outer line merely a succession of minute dots, at usual place of s. t.
line. Hind wings fuscous with pale fringes. Head and thorax yellow ;
pectus and palpi whitish. Beneath the whitish wings are clouded with
pale fuscous. A little slighter than Adstdum (= Aedophron grandis ot
Strecker). Montana Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq.

Copablepharon Subfiavidens, n. s.
Eyes naked ; tibiz armed ; fore tibiz with a very slight claw in addi-
tion. Primaries pure light yellow, immaculate. Hind wings pure white,

170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

immaculate. Abdomen white; white beneath. Montana, Coll. B. Neu-
moegen, Esq. Size of the other species. C. Album is also in the
collection before me.

Arsilonche Flenrici Gr.

After examining specimens of the European A/bovenosa, not one was
the same as Henrici, which is not so strongly marked. I conclude that
Mr. Morrison has been hasty in pronouncing them the same.

Mamestra Gnata, n. s.

gf. Allied to vicina ( =teligera) but differing by larger size, darker
color and the rounded not kidney-shaped reniform. Hind wings white,
iridescent, with dark veins. Primaries with straight costa and determinate
apices. Dark fuscous gray, with a brownish tint on median space. A
pale patch before internal angle, prominent. Reniform with incomplete
inner annulus, pale shaded, contrasting, rounded. Orbicular darker,
smaller, a little oblique, with a fine pale ring. Head and thorax dark
gray. Beneath hind wings white, no marks, costa gray. Primaries gray
superiorly with discal point indicated and commencement of a mesial line
shaded with white. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

Mamestra Glaciata, n. s.

g. Eyes hairy.. Allied to Lewcogramma. Primaries dusky olive with
the lines black, vividly edged with white. Reniform and orbicular white-
shaded. A white spot beyond the concolorous claviform, attached to the
dark rivulous median shade line. Fringes interrupted markedly with
pale. Hind wings blackish fuscous, with white-tipped fringes and faint
mesial line, paler at base. Thorax and head mixed with white and fuscous
scales, agreeing in appearance with fore wings. Beneath fore wings
fuscous, with distinctly checkered fringes ; hind wings whitish at base,
with a distinct oval discal spot and double exterior shaded lines. A fine
basal ray. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen. Belongs to Dzanthoecta.

This is close to the European AZagnoliz. The orbicular is larger, the
olive ground color less apparent, the white more plentiful. Though
closely allied, it is unlikely the two insects are the same.

Felotropha Sera G. & R.
This is allied to the European “elo¢vopha Leucosigma.

Apamea [nquaesita G & R.
This species is incorrectly cited in my ‘‘New Check List” as

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17a

Se ao a aaa yp Be

““Gortyna quaesita.” How the error occurred I cannot now tell. The
species of these two genera should read as follows, synonyms omitted :

Helotropha Led.
Sera G. & R.
Reniformis G+.
Var. Atra Gr.

Apamea Tr.
Purpuripennis Grote.

Juvenilis Groze. Immanis Gen.
Nictitans Esp. Obliqua Harv.
Inquaesita G. & R. Stramentosa Gwen.
Erepta Gv.

Thalpochares Fortunata, n. Ss.

Size small. Front embossed. Vestiture of flattened scales. Aspect
of Patula. Fore wings deep yellow, shading to whitish over head and
thorax, and with a pale terminal even shade line. Primaries with no
markings except a prominent broad, leaden-hued, bent median band,
edged with pale, resting on inner margin and expiring on cell at about the
place of the reniform. Hind wings translucent, stained with yellow ;
fringes whitish. Beneath the body is white and the immaculate wings
suffused with deep yellow. Arizona, Coll. B. Neumoegen.

Thalpochares Perita, n. s.

Allied to Fortunata; wings a little narrower. Eyes naked; clypeus
full. Fore wings pale yellow to a leaden band situate outside of the pale
t. p. line, which is illegible ; terminally the wing is clear buff yellow. Hind
wings translucent, stained with yellow. Body white beneath. Wings
stained with deep yellow. The band on primaries is oblique, rather
narrow and expires before costal region. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

Melicleptria Celeris Grote.

A true Mclicleptria, as 1 find from a fresh example in Mr. Neumoegen’s
collection. Hind wings brilliant orange red, concolorous. Fore wings
with the usual pale blotches confined to a couple of pale spots at middle,
vinous purple, slightly overlaid with sericeous. Thorax with the usual
silky, olive or yellowish, hair. Abdomen blackish above. It may head
the series as arranged in my ‘‘ New Check List.”

172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Oxylos citrinellus G. & R.

Eyes a little narrower than Hédiothis, naked, unlashed ; tibie spinose ;
fore legs with a claw and three outer curved spines, besides the spinules.
Only slightly by the armature of the front legs and the narrower eyes and
smoother frent does this differ from e/tothis, and I should prefer not to
separate itin future. Zucens and Spinosae are doubtfully in their right
place, and I should prefer to restrict Heliothis to armiger, phlogophagus
and Juteitinctus, lupatus, citrinellus, cupes and nuchalis.

Tripudia Gr.

In 7: Versuta, the lashless eyes are naked ; ocelli; tibize slender, un-
armed ; front smooth ; a ridge of scales behind the head. © Sub-basal
space ochery ; basal dark fuscous ; median again darker, narrow ; a rivu-
lous black median shade ; t. p. line black, roundedly exserted opposite
reniform which is defined by a lilac shade; s. t. line irregular, much
shaded before with black, partly followed by a lilac shade ; s. t. space an-
teriorly ochery ; squamation lustrous ; beneath discolorous with a pale
streak along internal margin and some yellow specks along costa ; hind
wings broken up with whitish and a dark discal lunule. Zyfe Coll. Neu-
moegen. Whether distinct from /Vavofasciafa, | am not now certain.
The species is minute, pyralidiform.

Spraguera Grote.

This genus is so distinct from the European £roty/a, with its one
species, by the neuration, as I have shown, that to unite it would oblige
every genus in the sub-order dependant on neuration, to be subverted.
Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer expressed his opinion to me that the two were
distinct. The fore wings are narrower, the clypeus differs, the ornamen-
tation is peculiar in. Spvagueia. We have many species ; the genus comes
to our fauna from the South.

Matigramma Rubrosuffusa, n. s.

This species is fuscous, the underlying tint is a pale reddish, appearing
in the pale red subterminal line. Male antennz ciliate. A little larger
than Zaena, which is wholly griseous and fuscous. Fuscous lines double,
marked on costa of primaires; s. t. line continuous, more broken into
dots on primaries. Fringes indisdinctly checkered. Upper surface of
wings similar; the hind wings show a pale streak on submedian space ;
fringes on internal margin whitish. Body concolorous. Beneath ashen ;

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 178

a fine common angulate dark mesial line. Very indistinct discal dots ; an
inner line on fore wings ; outwardly the wings are darker. Arizona ; larva
on scrub-oak, chrysalis pruinose (I. Doll, Esq.)

Tripudia Lixiva, n. s.

Size small. Eyes naked. Scales of the body flattened. Palpi in-
curved ; third article exceeding the front. Base of fore wings gray. A
very broad median olive brown band, bordering t. a. line outwardly, in-
terrupted at costal region. T. a. line a little waved, pale, emanating from
a small black costal spot. A large black costal spot at middle, inaugur-
ating the pale narrow, sinuate median shade line, forming the outer margin
of the olive brown band ; terminal portion of wing reddish brown, on
which the vague reniform is apparent. S. t. line irregular, dark shaded
superiorly, waved ; terminal space slightly grayish ; fringe yellowish, in-
terrupted by a blackish spot opposite cell. Body and hind wings gray.
Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

Allied to Opzparus, but smaller, the median fascia broader, the outer
half of the wing redder and more like Baszcinerea in this respect.

Eugonia Vidularia, n. s.

2 Apices of primaries pointed ; outer margin strongly angulate
opposite cell; hind wings “tailed.” Very pale yellowish. An outer dark
narrow line, fainter inferiorly, continued across hind wings. On fore wings
the surface is a little darker about the inception of this line and on
secondaries without it. At apical excavation the fringe is dark. Beneath’
still paler, irrorate ; a narrow common line and slight discal marks. Disc
of thorax buff or darker; body pale. Size of al/niaria, but slighter.
Arizona. Type Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq.

Cymatophora ( Boamira) Dataria, n. s.

gf. ¢@. Allied to Pampinaria. In the male the median lines are
shaded with black, in both sexes propinquitous, very oblique, angulate,
followed by an indistinct (2) or distinct (2) brown shade occupying the
anterior half of subterminal space. S. t. line scolloped, distinctly marked
with white in male. Hind wings gray at base (#), or concolorous ().
The color of female is more obscure fuscous. Mesial line bent opposite
cell. A faint annulus. The outer field beyond the line copies the
markings of primaries. Size of allies. Beneath gray, discolorous with
discal marks diffuse, blackish, wanting on hind wings in male. Types.
Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq., Arizona,

174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS1.

Lythria Fultaria, n. 3.

gd. Aspect and color of Aidonia. Front wide, even; eyes naked ;
g antenne strongly setose; labial palpi, exceeding the front, loosely
haired. Wings entire, roundedly bent at middle. Body slender. Fore
wings with alternate fuscous and pale reddish bands ; veins a little marked ;
fringes black, except at apices where they are white. Hind wings dark
yellow with black marginal band and a sub-basal line ending the darker
basal field ; a mesial band enclosing a yellow streak. Beneath fore wings
dark yellow with a mesial black line, angulate and touching the black
discal spot. A pale apical patch; an outer bent subterminal line beyond
which the wing is blackish. Hind wings dull like primaries above, pale
reddish brown with two brown bands. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen,
Esq. This may belong to a different genus ; the colors are those of
Botis subsequalts. Again here I note the singular way in which the upper
wings beneath are like the lower above and vice versa. I allude to this
in my essay ; it must be dependent on the exposure of the surfaces.

Cyclica, n. g.

I refer to the Zaventinae, a singular large-winged Geometrid with the
primaries unusually long and wide and produced apically. Hind wings
much elongated ; cell closed; veins 2, 3, 4, 5 nearly equi-distant ; sub-
median space wide. Labial palpi prominent. Clypeus uneven ; eyes
naked ; no ocelli; # antennae serrate, ciliate.

Cyclica Frondaria, n. s.—

g. The form is an exaggeration of Zornos, but much wider winged.
Fore wings blackish, thinly scaled ; paler below median vein, outwardly.
Some black and white marks along submedian fold and two or three
oblique black apicak marks. Indications of transverse bands but all
obscure. Hind wings pale fuscous with dark marginal line. Beneath
immaculate, very pale fuscous, whitish over hind wings. Size large.
Type Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. Arizona.

ota, n. gen.

Eyes naked; fore tibiae slender, closely scaled, with a short claw.
Clypeus with an exceedingly prominent wedge-shaped protuberance, sur-
mounting the greatly exserted infra-clypeal plate. Body slender, short,
untufted. Fore wings amygdaliform, narrow ; hind wings wide, full; fringe
long.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 175

Fota Armata, n. s.

?. Tortriciform. Fore wings gray, with a black shade along the cell,
connecting the median stigmata and preceding the orbicular. Stigmata
concolorous ; orbicular round, reniform upright. A long black shade on
median space over submedian fold. Lines obsolete. Fine black inter-
spaceal terminal streak. Hind wings pale, with white fringes ; abdomen
pale, yellow beneath at tip. Beneath pale without marks. Size of Hadena
Cylindrica. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen.

This singular genus seems to me an aberrant Hadenoid form.

Tamila Lucens Morr.

On account of the flatténed scales on head and thorax I would refer
this species and AZeadi to Tamila. I am aware that the character is
slight but by separating the species into the genera Zamila, Heliothis,
Melicleptria, Lygranthoecta and Anthoecia, we get consonant assemblages
of species, agreeing in their different characters. In the Bulletin of the
* Buffalo Society Natural Sciences I threw them all in Ae/o¢hi's, but there
seemed nothing gained by this and the identification of material was
thereby rendered much more difficult.

Luxurtosa, n. var.

A form of Zucens from Montana wanting the white admixture of
scales over fore wings : subterminal space dark lilac—purple; lines very
fine, white, contrasting ; yellow of hind wings deeper than type.

Cucullia Montane, n. s.

2. Allied to Asterotdes, but with the collar wholly pale, whitish, edged
with dusky. Tegulae also pale, ochrey white; thoracic tuft dusky. Or-
namentation like As¢eroddes, but with the ground color pale ochrey ; the
black costal shades show the three pale ante-apical dots distinctly and
they are larger. ‘The stigmata much more distinct, pale, broken by ocher
spots The anal brown streak, distinct against the pale, ochery white
ground ; no gray. Montana; coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq.

There is no fine black longtitudinal hair line at base of fore wings and
the teeth of t. a. line seem blunter. As the species are very close in this
genus I have little doubt the present is entitled to a designation as such.
It is quite distinct in appearance and can be at once detected. Much
more distinct from Asterotdes, than is the European As¢eris.

176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Synedoida Insperata Gr.

g Antenne serrate, ciliate ; eyes naked ; tibize apparently unarmed ,
thorax thickly hirsute. Palpi exceeding the front, pale gray; pectus
blackish.. Hoary gray ; median field of primaries olive-ocher, defined by
the median lines of the usual shape, cut by the shaded brownish median
shade, uneven and obscuring the illy defined concolorous reniform. T. p.
line shaded outwardly with black below costa. Costal edge carneous.
S. t. line nearly lost, indicated at costa. Hind wings fuscous with whitish
fringes. Size of related species. Thorax gray ; head darker. Beneath
unlined, pale gray, irrorate ; discal marks present. Arizona; coll. B.
Neumoegen, Esq. ”

EBLE ELE! EDIE TOOL ESTES LEE TO OE
OBITUARY.

Charles G. Siewers died at his residence, Newport, Ky., Sept. 6th, in
the 68th year of his age. For many years he has been a devoted and en-
thusiastic student of entomology. He spent much time in rearing the
larvae of Lepidoptera, making colored drawings of them through their
stages of growth. He collected largely in Coleoptera and was a very
accurate observer of habits. It is due to his skill as a collector that some
of the rarest species have been recorded as occurring in this locality.

CHARLES Dury.
Avondale, Oct. 4th, 1882.

ON THE MOUTH OF THE LARVA OF CHRYSOPA.
(By William Saunders, London, Ont., read before the A. A. A. S., at Montreal.)

Recently I had the opportunity of watching in a live box, under a low
power of the microscope, the seizing and devouring of some plant-lice by
the larva of an undetermined species of Chrysopa, and was interested in
the manner in which it emptied the body of its victims. The jaws are
large, hooked, pointed and tubular, with a small opening at or near the
points. Approaching its prey the body of the Aphis is grasped by the
hooked mandibles which at the same time pierce it. The Chrysopa larva
remains stationary, and proceeds to pump its victim dry. At the base of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ee

each of the mandibles the integuments are dilated into a sac-like form
capable of expansion and compression at will, a portion of the thorax is
similarly constructed, and it is by the repeated dilating and compressing
of these sacs that the fluid contents of the body of the Aphis are trans-
ferred through the tubular mandibles to the stomach of the Chrysopa
larva.

When the abdomen of the Aphis has been emptied, the points of the
mandibles of the Chrysopa larva are thrust in the thorax, and forward into
the head in every direction, and in a few moments nothing remains of the
once plump plant louse but a shrivelled skin. In the author’s accessible,
I an find no reference to these elastic bulb-like sacs at the base of the
mandibles, nor to the peculiar structure of the thorax, which admits of
its expansion and contraction as referred to.

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY’
OF ONTARIO.
(Continued from page 151.)

Prof. J. A. Cook stated that from the European iarch he had taken
about 250 cocoons of Samza Columbia, and found among them one pecu-
liar cocoon, very similar to that of Cofwm+za, which eventually produced a
cecropia.

Dr. Jewett thought it was probably a case of hybridism, as he himself
had taken hybrids of Glover¢ and cecropia.

Dr. Hagen had seen cocoons of cecropia so similar to those of Columbia
that it would be very hard to discriminate between them.

Dr. Hagen also gave a very interesting account of an expedition to the
Northwestern Territories from which, in company with Prof. Henshaw, he
had just returned.

In the north of Washington Territory he found the forests and country
generally in splendid condition, and comparatively free from any insect
pests.
In other parts he had found the Yellow Pines most seriously affected
by the attacks of Prerts marsupia (7), large tracts of forests being entirely
devastated—and large trees being attacked as well as the younger ones.
The Butterfly appeared there last year for the first time—eggs were found
on July 24th. The larva has the habit of dropping from the trees by a
thread, a peculiarity only noticeable in a very few of the Rhopalocere.

178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

A tree once attacked never seems to recover, and the only way to
check the ravages of the insect is to cut down those trees affected.

In Montana the cattle feed out all the year round on the ‘“‘ bunch”
grass, which is of inestimable value to that country. A curious fact to be
noticed is that wherever timothy and blue grass is introduced it seems to
kill out the bunch grass, so that the advance of civilization may in fact :
entirely alter the economy of the country.

The grasses do not seem troubled as yet with any pests.

The Colorado potato bug is merely known in certain localities.

The fruit trees are troubled only by flies and ants, so that the territory
is nearly free from noxious pests.

Prof. Henshaw said the expedition was one of great interest.

A curious feature was the late hours at which insects appeared to feed,
many of them after sundown.

Papilio machaon was found in great numbers.

Carabide were found in dry places, whereas in the East they usually
preferred moist situations.

The genus Cad/opteryx was also found. This was especially noticeable
as it had never been known to occur west of the Rocky Mountains.

After this a considerable time was spent in informal discussion and ex-
amination of interesting specimens brought by members from various parts
of the continent, and the meeting then adjourned.

THE GRAPE BERRY MOTH—Lobesia botrana.

BY THE EDITOR.

This insect is an imported species and has long been injurious to
grape culture in the South of Europe. The exact period of its introdue-
tion to America is not known, and it is only within the past few years
that attention has been called to its ravages. When abundant it is very
destructive, in some instances it is said to have destroyed nearly fifty per
cent. of the crop.

During the past season it has been very abundant in the neighborhood
of London, there being very few vines the fruit of which has not been
more or less injured. The young larva have usually been first observed

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179

early in July, when the infested grapes show a discolored spot where the
worm has entered. [See fig. 21, <] When the grape is opened and the
: contents carefully ex-
amined there will usually
be found in the pulp a
small larva rather long
and thin, and of a whitish
green color. Besides
feeding on the pulp it
sometimes eats portions
of the seeds, and if the
Fig. 21. contents of a single
berry are not sufficient, two, three, or more are drawn together as sown
in the figure and fastened with a patch of silk mixed with castings, when
the larva travels from one to the other, eating into them and dev uring
their juicy contents. At this period its length is about an eighth cf an
inch or more ; the head is black and the next segment has a blackish
shield covering most of its upper portion; the body is dull whitish or
yellowish green. As it approaches maturity it becomes darker in colour
and when about one third of an inch long is full grown, see 4, figure 21.
The body is then dull green with a reddish tinge and a few short hairs,
head yellowish green, shield on next segment dark brown, feet blackish,
pro-legs green.

When the larva is full grown it is said to form its cocoon on the leaves
of the vine, cutting out for this purpose an oval flap, which is turned back
on the leaf forming a snug euclosure which it lines with silk ; frequently
it contents itself with rolling over a piece of the edge of the leaf, and
within such retreats the change to a chrysalis takes place. The chrysalis
is about one fifth of an inch long and of a yellowish or yellowish brown
color, from which the moth finally escapes.

The perfect insect which is shown magnified, a, figure 21, measures
when its wings are spread nearly four-tenths of an inch across. The fore
wings are of a pale, dull, bluish shade with a slight metallic lustre, be-
coming lighter on the interior and posterior portions and ornamented
with dark brown bands and spots. The hind wings are dull brown,
deeper in color towards the margin, body greenish brown. It is said
that there are two broods of this insect during the year. We have, never

180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

seen them at any other time than in the autumn when the grapes are ap-
proaching maturity.

RemepDIEs.—As it is possible that most of the late brood pass the
winter in the chrysalis state attached to the leaves, if these were gathered
and burned a large number of the insects would perish. The infested
grapes might also be gathered and destroyed. This insect is attacked by
a small parasite which doubtless does its part towards keeping the enemy
in subjection. ,

CORRESPONDENCE.

DEAR Sir: Please insert the following correction of line 12, page
156, August number: For ‘‘only these little claws rather than the usual
tubercles,” read “only three little claws instead of the usual circlet of
tentacles.” V. T. CHAMBERS.

DeEaR Sir: In preparing my article on Homoptera lunata in recent
number of the CaNnaDIAN ENToMmo tocist I overlooked the article by Prof.
J. A. Lintner in his 4th Entomological contributions, where he gives good
reasons for thinking /zzata and edusa, and perhaps Saundersi but sexes of
one species. I had seen his article but at the time of writing it did not
occur to me. G. H. FRENcH, Carbondale, Il.

DrEaR Sir: Mr. A, R. Grote, p. 128, July, states in favor of his
opinion that Staudinger’s Catalogue did not hesitate to introduce for Pag.
Podalirius the name P. Simon. But Dr. Staudinger has in the same
volume, Errata, p. 422, corrected this statement : ‘‘ Podalirius nomen est
vetustius.” H. A. Hacen, Cambridge, Mass.

NOTES AND CAPTURES,

PAPILIO CRESPHONTES, Cram.—I saw on the street very recently a
magnificent specimen of this beautiful butterfly ; it was flying slowly and
could easily have been captured with a net. E. B. REED, London.

Oh Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. XIV. LONDON, ONT., “OCTOBER ; 1882. No. 10

NEW MOTHS.
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M.

(Continued from page 167.)

fota armata Grote.

This has somewhat the form of S#/é7a; the fringes are long on
secondaries. A second female like type in size has the black submedian
dash wanting, and the filling on cell, but hind wings are like type in being
pale fuscous. Base of forewings above pale ochrey shaded. Another has
the primary all gray; Avmata may be known by its larger size, fuscous
secondary and different sculpture of clypeal armature.

Whether the following are really different I do not know ; they appear
to be so most certainly.

Fota minorata, n. Ss.

2 f,2 9. Head above and collar pale ochre, paler than armata,
and this form is 43 smaller. Markings very like; a pale ochrey shade
over submedian space. The grey primaries have all the markings of
armata, without the broad black longitudinal shades; the median shade
is, however, noticeable and the lines indicated. But the hind wings are
pellucid white with soiled costa in both sexes. Armature of clypeus
agreeing, except that the central arm has a cup-shaped depression
at top ; this I have again gone over and seems to me a good character.
Wings a little silky.

Fotella, n. g.

This in form is like Acosmetéa ; fringes to hind wings long. Eyes
naked. Clypeus with a navel-like expansion. Like Aoéa in the silky hind
wings which are full, but the primaries are normally shaped, entire, widen-
ing outwardly. Body untufted, eyes unlashed, palpi with small third joint
exceeding front a little ; tibia unarmed. Body slender. Wings full. A
Caradrina-like form which seems allied to ofa ; I think both genera may
be related to S¢/bza and Caradrina. Size of Fota armata.

Fotella notalis, n. s.

@. Fore wings olivaceous blackish, something like Pyrophila glabella

182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

in color, with a narrow irregular paler terminal space. Lines lost. Reni-
form marked in white, constricted, the white scales touching median vein.
Hind wings fuscous, with paler fringes and paler at base. No markings
beneath. Abdomen pale yellowish gray. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen,
Esq.

Plagiomimicus Grote. :

I called attention some years ago in the Bulletin of the Buffalo Society
to the resembiance between this genus and Polenta, in the spreading
thoracic tuftings, the modification of the clypeus, the shape of the wing
and the peculiar pattern of marking, which is so much alike that the two
species would be considered congeneric by most observers. I since con-
tradict Mr. Morrison’s observation that the fore tibiz are unarmed in
Polenta ; this was the best distinction. The discovery of new forms
confirms me that the genera I have grouped under Strive are all
valid, the modifications of structure being apparent and going closely with
the pattern. Stébadium approaches Teé/esi//a, in frosting and sheen
(aureolum), and leads to this genus as before suggested. With the new
species the group (without absolute value) may fall in between Cadge and
Plusia.

Oxycnemis, . 8.

Vestiture flattened hairs ; a tuft behind thorax of broad curved shining
scales widening to their tips ; abdomen short, untufted. Size small, body
slender. Hadeni-form ornamentation. Eyes naked, unlashed. Fore
tibia with the whole short broad joint corneous, terminating in a stout
central claw or spine ; the legs slender, otherwise unarmed. Notwith-
standing its Hadeni-form look, the insect appears nearest to Z7tocnemts.

Oxycnemts advena, n. Ss.

2. Gray, neatly lined, with the bright color and ornamentation
recalling Charadra palata. ‘TT. a. line black, distinct, upright, attached to
the large open claviform. Discal stigmata light gray, subequal, with
included dots. ‘TT. p. line faint. S. t. line black with a following white
shade, marked with black on costa, far from margin and easily taken for
t. p. line, curved in inferiorly ; veins terminally finely marked in black.
Hind wings pale fuscous, whitish at base. A white costal shade on pri-
maries above from inception of s. t. line over the disk. Size small.
. Arizona, Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 183

Ripogenus pulcherrimus Grote.

This insect is so rare that I have never owned a specimen. Since
describing it, twenty years ago, or nearly, I took a figure of it with me to
England, and, comparing it there with /v‘e/za, I believed it belonged to
an allied but different genus. At the time I described it I did not know
the European species even by figure. Mr. Tepper has a specimen taken
on Long Island which he showed me in his beautiful collection. I left it
catalogued under Zw¢e/va in my Check List till I could verify my belief and
print this note for those who may be fortunate enough to have material to
examine.*

Chariclea Kirby.

The European species catalogued by Lederer under this genus are not
congeneric. I have separated Pyrrhia,which has one or two European and
three American species, all closely allied and agreeing also in style of mark-
ings and color quite closely. Our only true Czaviclea seems to me to be
Pernana. Cirrhophamus triangulifer, again examined since my return
home, differs by the want of tibial armature, as to which I was uncertain,
and in the clypeal structure, as observed by me. The ornamentation is,
however, similar, and the untufted abdomen proportionately slender.
Figured in my Essay—plate 3.

Trama Griseipennis, n. s.

Larger than arvosa, of a pearly gray. The male shaded with fuscous
before the curved, flexuous, pale s. t. line. T. a. line broken, dark. Reni-
form small, indicated. ‘TT. p. line followed by a pale shade. Both outer
lines continuous on hind wings, divergent. Fore wings pointed at tips.
Color and appearance of both wings similar. In male the dark shading
continued within the outer line on secondaries. A festooned dark com- |
mon terminal line , fringes pale gray. Beneath darker, somewhat brown-
ish ; faint traces of double outer common lines. Arizona; Coll. B. Neu-
moegen, Esq.

Anytus Sculptus var. Planus.

This is a form of Scu/ptus of which I have now seen two or three ex-
amples, one in Mr. Hill’s extensive collection, in which the median lines

* Since writing this I have Mr. Smith’s valuable observations on the genera of
Noctuidaz, and note his remarks on this genus. I do not see or receive the Bulletin in
which it appeared, but am indebted to Mr. Smith’s kindness for the copy.

184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

are lost and the wing is longitudinally shaded with whitish on median
space along internal margin, and diffusely beyond the reniform. New
York.

Agrotis Hlospitalis,.n. Ss.

Allied to daja by the black mark, inaugurating s. t. line. Yellow-brown.
Half-line black, single ; t. a. line black, single, broken, irregularly trembled
or denticulate ; a dot between these lines on median vein. T. a. line
marked on costa: t. p. line appearing as a pale even shade, preceded by
broken black scallops not evident, the line itself. Orbicular large, round,
paler than the wing, ringed with black, the costa above it pale like the
spot itself. Median field shaded with darker brown behind. Reniform
ringed with black, kidney-shape, paler than wing, dark or black inferiorly.
An interrupted dark terminal line. Fringe concolorous. Hind wings
rather pale, silky, concolorous. Palpi dark brown at the sides, tipped
with pale brown like front in color. Mr. Hill’s collection, N. Y., July at
sugar.

Gortyna Lmpecuniosa Grote.

This is a dark species, almost recalling wedris. Dark purple brown
with the median field rusty. Stigmata darker-ringed, concolorous, all
indicated. A faint apical yellowish patch, inaugurating s. t. line, which is
lost or fragmentary. Hind wings dark fuscous. A sharp tuft behind the
collar. Mr. Hill’s collection, Centre, Sept. 25.

This is allied to Harriszz, etc., but, I think, distinct. It is the most
obscurely marked of any of the purple-brown species. One male. Size
of Harrisit.

Rheumaptera Immediata, n. Ss.

Pale gray with all the transverse markings indistinct except the two
black shaded median lines distinct, enclosing the reddish brown median
space, Inner line curved. ‘The lines are rather neat. The outer with a
strong submedian curve, projected somewhat narrowly at median vein.
Costal dots distinct. Basal line fine, not very noticeable. Beneath with
an evident angulate common outer line, sub-punctate, terminal space
shaded outwardly and especially over apices with brown. Discal dots
and, on fore wings, a costal dot, marking inner line. Hind wings above
pale, with a mesial sinuous line. Under surface darker than upper. Ex-
panse 26 mil, Two specimens, Mr. Hill, New York.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185

Thamnonoma Quadraria, n. s.

g. Body slight, wings ample, entire, apices pointed, external margin
very moderately rounded. Gray. Median lines sub-parallel, straight,
blackish ; inner line broken, a little curved, outer straight; the lines
tolerably near together ; subterminal line most prominent, diffuse, black,
edged inwardly by a brownish red shade, its outer edge jagged, denticu-
late ; the line itself runs inwardly opposite cell and approaches outer
median line at median vein, thence running parallel with it and approxi-
mate to internal margin. A black apical mark ; fringes gray. Hind wings
light gray. Discal dots distinct gn both wings, both above and below,
black. Under surface gray, lines obsolete. Expanse 31 mil. Colorado,
Dr. Bailey.

This species may be known by the well pectinate male antenna, the
non-falcate primaries and the singular course of the distinct subterminal
line and its form and color. It approaches the genus Zozogramma, but I
think is correctly referred here.

Thamnonoma Perpallidarta, n. s.

g. Antennae pectinate. Pale fady ochrey. Two parallel, even, dark
ochre median lines, starting from brown costal dots. Subterminal line
broken, diffuse, dark. Hind wings very pale, with mesial line indicated at
internal margin. Beneath pale ochrey, without marks. Body pale ochrey.
Expanse 27 mil. New Mexico. No. 993, Prof. Snow. Smaller and dif-
ferently colored, but allied to 7? Quadraria.

Hlomopyralis Miserulata, n. s.

Small and slight bodied. Dull brown. Median shade black, distinct,
waved, upright, touching the small black reniform. Wing paler over
median space beyond the shade. T. p. line rounded opposite cell. Before
the s. t. line the space is shaded with blackish. Fringes pale dotted.
Hind wings concolorous with two divergent mesial lines. | Beneath paler,
with the discal dot contiguous to the inner of the two divergent lines on
hind wings. Body brown. Lxfanse 20 to 22 mil. Three specimens.
New Mexico, Prof. Snow.

Tornos Interruptaria, n. s.

@. Light gray, a little larger than Rudiginosus. The fine black
median lines make an oblique loop open to internal margin. Above they
make another larger, less distinct loop, its pointed apex curving up to
median vein. Hind wings light gray ; indication of lines on internal mar-

186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

gin. Body gray. Beneath without dots, light gray or whitish, with dark
powderings. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq.

Tornos Escaria, n. Ss.

gf 2. Fore wings fuscous gray, with a blackish discal lunule. Median
lines hardly visible, apparently sub-parallel, oblique, accented on sub-
median fold by dots. Hind wings whitish on disc. A mesial dot; a fus-
cous outer band; internal margin‘ grayish, showing commencement of
mesial lines. Head and thorax dark gray ; abdomen centrally somewhat
ochreous ; terminally gray. The male is smaller and darker, grayish
fuscous ; the dots on disk evident. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq.

Tornos Ochrofuscaria.

2. Allied to /xterruptaria, without discal dots. Wholly sordid
ochrey fuscous. The lines fine, sub-obsolete. Beneath the hind wings
are somewhat, whitish, powdery with dark. The entire insect is of this
obscure ochrey color, above and below, and should’ be known by this and
the apparent absence of determinate markings. Of Jnlerruptaria | have
two specimens ; when the curious median lines are effaced, the species
is known by its gray color and want of discal dots. Of £scaria I have
two females, one the smaller ; the smaller and darker male agrees in the
_ accented median lines on submedian fold and discal dots. Of ochrofus-
caria 1 have only one female. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. Arizona.

Glaucopteryx Aurata.

Forewings like Cwmatz/is, with transverse lines and olive shading, but
hind wings pure orange. Both wings reddish beneath. It is of the same
size as Cumazilis, and the markings of primaries, while darker,» are so
alike that a detailed description is quite unnecessary.

Tamla Tumida Grote.
Notwithstanding its aberrant color, this species belongs more naturally
here, as I find from a specimen in Mr. Neumoegen’s colleetion.

Fleliothis nuchalis Grote.
I can find no difference that seems to me important between this and
the European Scutosus.

LTydriomene Reflata, n. s.

gf 2. Male antenne ciliate; palpi prominent. ~ Size of .Speciosata.
Fore wings sordid gray with distinct black lines. Extreme base black ; a
slightly waved and outwardly oblique black sub-basal line. A wide black

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 187

band, fainter above, broken and angulate at cell, broader and blacker
below median vein, the most prominent marking of the wing. Near to
this the inner median line, subsinuate, projected and broken just before
internal margin. Outer line roundedly projected over median nervules ;
the sub-terminal line runs parallel with this, and is joined by a black apical
line. Fringes black dotted ; a more prominent black mark at end of veins
2 and 3. Hind wings pale fuscous, with whitish, fuscous-dotted fringe, and
two faint extra-mesial lines. Beneath pale. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoe-
gen. This species exceeds 30 mil. in expanse, and cannot be confounded
with any other. Very different from any of the forms of Sordidatas
which I unite in the “ New Check List,” and cannot distinguish.

f1ydriomene Refiata is 2 stout species, which can be known by its
whitish ground color of primaries showing a slight sprinkling of brown
scales, by the presence of an inconspicuous white spot outside subtermi-
nal line opposite the disk and by the wide black band before the inner
median line, interrupted or angulated on the cell and less prominent above
it on the costa. All the examples agree perfectly.

Lustrotia Hlaviguttata, n. s.

A small species comparable with Secfa. Uniformly mouse gray sprink-
led with brown dots which, under the glass, take the course of angulated
transverse lines running first outwardly from the brown costal dots, The
only marking of prominence is the brown mesial shade which encloses a
small yellowish spot on the cell and another less noticeable on submedian

fold. A brown costo-apical shade patch enclosing a pale costal dot. A

terminal dotted line. In the place of the reniform is a dark dot. Hind
wings fuscous. Zxpanse 16 mil. ‘Texas, in my collection.

Eupseudosoma floridum, n. s.

Allied to the Cuban /. mivewm Gr. Head dark yellow above ; clypeus
white ; a dark line dividing the yellow vertex from the white front. Collar
and thorax immaculate white. Fore wings white, slightly iridescent ;
costal edge dark fuscous. Abdomen scarlet above with dorsal white line ;
anal segments white. Hind wings reduced, white, a few basal scarlet
hairs. Beneath white, fore legs dark outwardly. Florida, A. Conradi, Esq.

This may be same as the Cuban form, but there are no black spots on
head or wings. The costal edge is smoky.

cy

188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Lupethecia Gypsata, n. Ss.

Clay white. . A large brownish-black patch on costa over the cell en-
closing discal mark. A costo-apical dark divided patch. External mar-
gin marked with brownish twice: opposite cell, and above internal angle.
Fringe dotted. Costal edge at base marked with dark brown. Beneath
as. t. pale band, edged with brown bands marked on costa, A discal dot.
Fringe of fore wings pale, dark-dotted. Hind wings whitish, with the
terminal border broken into lines ; mesial lines incomplete ; a discal dot ;
beneath with the mesial lines more continuous. ‘Thorax pale ; collar a
little darker. Two specimens. Arizona, Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq.
This distinct species is of the size of Vevadata.

Pleonectyptera Historialis, n. s.

Allied to Phalaenalis: Fore wings varying from olivaceous to ochrey
reddish. Hind wings reddish outwardly, pale at base. Beneath washed
with red with costa of primaries yellow. Above the fore wings have a
large, black, irregularly rounded reniform ; two large black dots on costa
inaugurate the pale median lines, which are very faint. S. t. line faint.
Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq.

This finishes, for the present, the notes and descriptions I have drawn
up for the past year, and part of which I had intended using in my ‘‘ New
Check List.” With the latter I tried to make as few changes as possible
from existing references at the time (May, 1882) of its being given to the
printer. As stated in the Preface, there will be many necessary changes
in the future, but the nomenclature is becoming more settled and I issued
it in response to many enquiries and requests, and I am glad it has been
well spoken of here and abroad. In the JVoctuide there will be here and
there species to be degraded to varieties, some genera probably drawn in
or their characters more clearly limited, and the position of certain genera
changed. In a linear arrangement the sequence must be always not
entirely satisfactory. Any improvements based on structural studies must
be always welcome. Asa whole I think the arrangement in the ‘“ New
Check List” is more satisfactory than that in previous ones from first to
last. As soon as warranted, a new edition will be prepared.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 189

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF GPAPTA
COMMA, Harris. °

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

Ecc.—Conoidal, the base flattened and rounded; marked by 10
vertical ribs which near the base are low, but on upper third are con-
siderably elevated, increase gradually in prominence and terminate abruptly
around a small flat space at summit ; these ribs are thin and their sides are
cut by grooves perpendicular to the surface of the egg ; the spaces between
them crossed by many fine striz ; color green. Duration of this stage 5
days in April, 4 in July.

Younc Larva.—Length .o8 inch; cylindrical, even from 2 to 7, then
tapering slightly to extremity ; on 2 is a dorsal chitinous patch on which
are six tubercles, three on either side the medio-dorsal line, each with
black hair ; below the patch two tubercles, one above, the other below
spiracle ; on segments 3 to 13 are two dorsal rows of large tubercles, one
to the segment, on the anterior part of same, each with long curved hair,
from 3 to 7 turned forwards, the rest recurved ; next, a row of small
tubercles from 3 to 13 ; on 3 and 4 these stand in vertical line with the
dorsals, but on the other segments they are back of the line of dorsals ; a
third row from 5 to 13 of small tubercles, in vertical line*with the dorsals,
and on 2 to 4 these are continued a little below the line of the other seg-
ments ; on 3 and q is a short row, in line with the spiracles, and a corre-
sponding tubercle appears in 13; and below spiracles, from 5 to 13, on
the posterior part of each segment, is a minute tubercle; finally, along
base of body is a row of minute tubercles from 2 to 13, on 2, 3, 4 one to
each segment, also on 13, but on the other segments two to each ; from
all these tubercles proceed hairs, those of basal row turned down, but of
the others, from 2 to 7 turned forward, the rest recurved ; color whitish-
green ; feet and legs green; head rounded, bilobed, the vertices rounded;
color dark brown ; many black hairs scattered over the surface, curving
down. Duration of this stage 4 days in April, 2 days in July.

After 1st moult.—Length .13 inch ; color either brown-black, or black
with whitish lines at the junctions of the segments; armed with seven
rows of branching spines (disposed as described under mature larva) ;
these spines are short, stout, black, and beset with short divergent
bristles ; in the examples which have white lines, on segments 4, 6, 8, 10,
the spines spring from whitish tubercles, on the other segments from black;

190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

in the black examples all tubercles are black; on 2 is a chitinous band
with four small spinés in cross row; besides the seven principal rows,
there is a row of minute spines over legs and feet ; feet black ; legs oliva-
ceous ; head round, depressed at top, the vertices a little produced, each
bearing a short, thick process, with short spines at top; color of head and
processes dark brown ; many black hairs over surface springing from fine
tubercles. Duration of this stage 3 days in April, 2 in August.

After 2nd Moult.—Length .3 to .33 inch; same shape; color dark
olive-brown or black-brown or reddish-brown, individuals varying ; the
spines longer, and at one-third from the top give off branches; the posterior
end of each segment after 2 crossed by two or three fine white lines ; in
front of the medio-dorsal row of spines are two oblique divergent whitish
bars, one such bar from base of each spine in tst lateral row on outer
side ; the spines vary largely, some larve having all the spines black, some
have the dorsal and rst lateral rows on 5th, 7th, gth segments white, the
rest black ; some have white from 4 to 11; some have white on g only ;
on 2 a collar of black simple spines ; head broader than high, the top
rather square, not much depressed, the processes larger, but similar to
preceding stage, crowned with six points, one in middle, the rest about it;
surface glossy black, with many simple spines, of different sizes, usually
all black, but some examples show a few white among the black ; each
with long hair. ‘To next moult, in May 3 days, in August 2 days or some-
what less.

After 3rd Moult.—Length .38 to .4 inch; color black, crossed on
the posterior end of each segment with two or three lines or stripes of
white; sometimes more or less macular ; according to the breadth of these
bands the larva is quite white or otherwise ; the oblique marks on dorsum
as before, more conspicuous ; a yellow band runs along base in line with
lower lateral spines, and the posterior part of each segment above this
band shows an oblique bar, and some white spots and points ; spiracles
black in broad white rings ; the spines long, and branching as before ; the
medio-dorsal row are always white ; those of rst lateral row are usually
white, but sometimes on 3 are black, or partly black ; some examples
have the 2nd lateral row wholly black, others white, or some of the last
spines are parti-colored ; on 2 is a co]lar of simple white spines ; head as
before, the white spines predominating largely. To next moult in May 3
days, in August 2 days or somewhat less.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 191

After 4th Moult.—Length .8 inch ; in three days reaches maturity.

Mature Larva.—Length t inch; cylindrical, stout; armed with
seven rows of long, tapering spines, one medio-dorsal, and three on either
side ; the dorsals beginning at 5 and ending at 12, the upper laterals run
from 3 to 12; the second laterals from 3 to 13, but on 4 the spine is below
the row, and in line with the spiracles ; the lower laterals from 5 to 12 ;
from a little below the summit of each spine rise from three to five slender
branches, about a central one which is a prolongation of the spine itself ;
the spines of the dorsal and upper lateral rows are largest and longest, and
each has five branches, besides one or two lower down, of medium length,
and some small spines, each branch and spine ending ina bristle; the
spines of second lateral row are of medium length, with four branches ;
and those of the lower row are shortest and have three and four branches ;
in the green and white varieties of the larve all the spines are whitish or
yellow, as well as the branches ; in the black, the spines are yellow, mostly
black-tipped, the branches as well, but the spines of the first lateral row
are sometimes black to their bases ; so those of second row are sometimes
wholly, sometimes but partly black; 2 has a collar of six simple spines
and two others are upon each side, in vertical line; the color of body
varies much ; some examples are cream-white, some greenish-white, with
almost no markings, or the markings are obsolescent ; others are velvet-
black, the dorsum crossed by white stripes upon the posterior edges of the
segments ; with two white divergent bars coming to an angle at the front
of each dorsal spine, and running to the anterior edge of the segment ;
and with a similar oblique bar from each spine of the first lateral row on
the lower side ; along the base is a raised yellow stripe, and from this up
to the second laterals the ground is crossed by abbreviated white stripes or
patches, particularly on the last half of the segments ; above this the side
is black ; but individuals vary in the extent of this black area ; sometimes
the ground color is vinous-red ; under side greenish, or honey-yellow,
according to the color of upper side ; the spiracles black in broad white
rings ; at the base of the second laterals from 9 to 11, or from 7 to 11, is
usually a fulvous or orange patch, varying in extent; feet greenish or
black ; legs greenish or brown; head rather square, higher than broad,
with high vertices ; in the light examples the color of head is dull pink, in
the dark ones it is black, shining, sometimes with a forked whitish stripe
down the front ; on each vertex a short, stout process, cylindrical, come

192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

pressed in the middle, broad at the top, crowned by five equal, blunt-tipped
spines around a sixth in the middle ; each with hair ; these processes are
black in the black larve, and in the light ones either red or red with black
tops ; face and whole head thickly covered with simple white spines of
variable length, all white, except that sometimes there are one or two
of the longer ones on side face below the vertex which are black, or black
and white ; along back of head and down the sides is a row of these
spines close set. From 4th moult to pupation 5 days.

CurySALIs.—-Length .8 to .g inch; greatest breadth .24 to .26 inch ;
cylindrical ; head case high, compressed transversely ; at each vertex a
long, conical process ; the mesonotum elevated, the carina very prominent,
thin, nose-like, followed by a deep excavation ; wing cases raised, flaring
at base, compressed in middle, with a point on the margin; on the abdo- *
men three rows of tubercles, those corresponding to the dorsal row of the
larva small, to the first laterals large and conical, the pair in middle of the
series particularly prominent, and those in the excavation silvered, gilded
or bronzed, varying ; color variable, many examples being dark brown,
with lighter or with yellow-brown, and much reticulated with dark lines ;
others are dead-leaf brown ; others are light, up to dead-white shaded
slightly with yellow-brown, with a bronze lustre over the wing cases and
anterior dorsal parts. Duration of this stage about 7 days.

Grapta Comma is found abundantly in New England and thence
through the Northern States to Nebraska ; also through Canada and in
Nova Scotia ; and to the South, at least as far as the Kanawha district of
West Virginia. In the Northern States the species is two-brooded, in
Kanawha three-brooded. It is seasonally dimorphic, the winter form
being Harrisii (i. e., the form described by Dr. Harris), the summer form
Dryas, Edw. Both these are figured in Butterflies of N. A., Vol. I. Where
there are three broods, the middle one is made up of the two forms.
Eggs laid by the hybernating females (form Harrisiz) in April or May,
give Dryas in May or June, and this is the first brood of the year. Eggs
laid in July by Dryas give both forms in August—the second brood ; and
eggs laid in September by either form give Harrisiz in October. The first
eggs are laid in April or May, according to the forwardness of the season.
In 1882, I obtained eggs from Harrisiz, tied in bag over a hop spray, 14th
April, and from 22nd to 25th May, had therefrom 35 Dryas, 17 f,18 @.
In 1874, the first eggs were obtained roth May, and the result up to 27th

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 193

June, was 34 Dryas. In 1875, the first eggs were 14th May, and up to
18th June these gave 19 Dryus ; no Harrisit in either case. In 1869, on
18th June, one ¢ HarriscZ came from chrysalis, the only instance known
to me in which that form has appeared in the first brood. So that in
different years, at Coalburgh, there is a variation of at least a month in the
laying of eggs by the hybernators, and consequently a month’s difference
in the appearance of the first brood. In Can. Ent., X., p. 69, I gave
the results of rearing the several broods up to end of 1877.

The larve, as described, are quite variable, when mature, the color of
body being white, green or black ; and the black examples vary much in
the extent of the white or yellow markings. But/neither color belongs
especially to one form of the butterfly. Thus, of 50 larvee, from eggs laid
by Harrisit, in 1882, but one was white, the rest being black. Of 34
larve from eggs of Harrisit, in 1874, but 6 had black ground, and the
rest were all light, several being cream-white. Of 23 larve from eggs of
Ffarristi, in 1875, 10 were white or greenish, 13 more or less black. Of
60 larve from eggs of Dryas, 1873, only one was white, the rest black.
So that there is no apparent connection between the color of the cater-
pillar and the form of the butterfly.

The caterpillars feed on Hop, Nettle, false Nettle, (Boehmeria cylin-
drica,) and Elm. I have found them at Coalburgh almost always on Hop
and Boehmeria. ‘The eggs are laid either singly or in small clusters upon
the under side of the tenderer leaves, and the young larva eats a hole for
itself in the substance of the leaf, and during the first stage feeds about
this. For the first two stages it is exposed on the leaf just as the larva
of G. /nterrogationis is, but at the second moult behaves differently from
that species, which makes no shelter for itself at any time. I watched
three larve of Comma in Aug., 1882, to learn exactly at what stage they
began to protect themselves, placing them as soon as hatched upon a plant
of Boehmeria set in flower-pot in my room. Very shortly after the second
moult they had gotten to the bases of the third pair of leaves from top,
two on one leaf, one on the other, and were engaged in drawing the edges
of the leaves next base down with silk spun. To effect this they had
bitten off the principal rib on either side the mid-rib, very near the edge
of the leaf, and had cut quite to the edge. This leaf naturally curves the
other way, so that the caterpillars were working at a disadvantage on the
convex side. But notwithstanding this, they had, in course of an hour,

194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

bent down the edges and bound them together for one half inch. Next
morning they all rested under their awnings, two under one, as at the first,
and had fed off the tip end of the leaf. ‘Twenty-four hours later the two
larvee had left what remained of their leaf, now scarcely longer than them-
selves, and each had betaken itself to another leaf. I had to transfer
them to a larger plant, and next day found two under one leaf, again
brought together as before. The other was upon the wffer side of its
leaf, and had closed that at the top. Still later this larva had drawn down
the top of the plant and was concealed very nearly as much as the larva
of Vanessa A/a/anfa is, which uses this same plant. Here it passed 4th
moult. So that these larvee can adapt themselves to circumstances, and
cover themselves on the upper as well as the lower side of the leaf, if
expedient. I noticed that at the older stages the ribs were not bitten, nor
were the edges of the leaf slit, the larve being able to draw down the
edges without that aid. When lying under the shelter the larvae are at
the inmost part, and are coiled up much like figure 6. In nature I do not
remember to have found more than one caterpillar under one leaf.

The nearest ally of G. Comma is G. Satyrus Edw., a species common
in the Pacific States to Rocky Mts., and taken even in Ontario. Mr. T.
L. Mead captured two examples some years ago, north of London, Ont.
Satyrus is dimorphic, its other form being AZarsyas Edw., and the larvae
remarkably resemble those of Comma-in color and markings. So they
protect themselves in precisely same manner as do Comma larvae, and
these are the only two American species of Grapta which have that habit,
so far as known.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF LYCAENA, FROM
‘ NEWFOUNDLAND.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

LYCAENA ASTER.

Ma.e.—Expands 1 inch.

Upper side purplish-blue, the costal margin of primaries silvery ; both
hind margins narrowly edged black ; secondaries have a marginal series
of black points or minute spots ; fringes white.

Under side white ; primaries have the hind margin edged by a fuscous
line thickened at each nervule; a submarginal row of rounded black

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195

spots entirely across the wing, and parallel to the margin; a discal row
of smaller spots ina curve from costa to lower median interspace, the
next spot below out of and behind the line; on the arc a thick bar.
Secondaries have an oblong, rounded, fuscous spot at the end of each
nervule, but otherwise the edge is white ; a submarginal series of metallic
points, each of which is overlaid by orange, and above this a black
crescent ; a discal series of black points, following the costal margin from
base, and running parallel with hind margin to lower median interspace,
after which there are two spots back of the line; on arc a streak, a dot
nearer base, and another below cell.

Body above blue, beneath white ; legs white ; palpi white with many
black hairs in front ; antennz annulated black and white.

FEMALE.—Expands :.1 inch.

Upper side fuscous, bluish over basal areas of each wing, and on
secondaries, over the inner half the wing ; secondaries have a marginal
series of large rounded blackish spots, faint towards outer angle, each
with a little fulvous on upper side. Under side pale fawn-color ; marked
as in the male, but all spots more conspicuous ; and in addition, on pri-
maries, the spots which in the male form the submarginal row, and stand
alone, here are the crescents which overlie orange spots, and between
these last and the margin is a series of black points. From1 $,1 2
(part of a considerable number) taken by Mr. T. L. Mead, in Southern
Newfoundland. The species is near to the Californian species, L. Avzna,
Edw.

LIST OF: THE SPECIES OF TRIPUDIA AND GYR@=
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M.

I have described the genus Z77ipudia in the Can. Ent., but the char-
acters are not obvious until we know the neuration, which I am satisfied
will give us distinguishing features from Lwstrotia and Thalpochares. Com-
pared with these the front is narrow and a little bulging; the vestiture is
scaly, and there is a ridge of scales on the occiput. The lashless naked
eyes, the slender unarmed tibiae agree with its allies. The wings are
entire and there is a velvety band on the primaries, not legible, however,
in two minute, pyralidiform species which may not be different, my

196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

flavofasciata and Mr. Edward’s versuta. ‘The species are only known to
me as yet from single examples, and are from the South. Zsmbata has
the hind wings orange ; the rest fuscous or blackish, silky.
Tripudia Grote.
Type: £rastria Quadrifera Zell.

Quadrifera Zeller Basicinerea Grote.
Limbata Hy. Edw. Flavofasciata Grote.
Opipara Hy. Edw. Versuta Hy. Edw.

Lixiva Grote.
Gyros Hy. Edw.
Type: Oribates Muirit Hy. Edw.
Muirit Hy. Edw.

TABLE OF SPECIES OF EUCHAETES.

BY A. R. GROTE.

The number of described species of this Arctian genus is increasing,
and from my own collections in New York, I do not believe that our
Eastern forms are at all well known. Among the most interesting recent
discoveries in Arizona is &. zonalis, Grote, a form in which the abdomen
is banded with crimson and black and unlike the other species in this
respect. The following table may assist the identification of the species :
a, Wings with costa and internal margin of primaries striped.

1. Stripes crimson; wings dark. Spraguet Gr.
2. Stripes dark yellow; wings dark. Addominalts Gr.
3. Stripes faint, yellow; wings pale. Vévida Gr.
6. Wings with costa only striped.
4. Stripe dark yellow ; wings dark ; abdomen banded. Zonalis Gr.
5. Stripe “pale luteous”; wings dark; abdomen spotted.
Eglenensis Clem.
6. Costa yellow to apex; wings pale. Colarts Fitch.
7. Costa yellow one-third its length ; wings pale. Pudens Hy. Ed

c. Wings unstriped.
8. Wings dark ; abdomen yellow. g/e Drury.
g. Wings white ; abdomen crimson. /egans Stretch.
1o. Wings dark ; hind wings with crimson patch on hind margin,
Perlevis Gr.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. POF

Two species, /nopinatus Hy. Edw., and Oregonensis Stretch, I have not
examined ; the latter species I have been shown, without making any
notes upon it, in different collections made in New York State.

The most unusual species is Per/evi's, with its partly red secondaries,
and which is smaller than the rest and somewhat narrow-winged. Pudens
is a thinly scaled, whitish form, looking like, but slenderer than Codlartse
A female specimen of Spraguez which I saw in Mr. Von Meske’s collec-
tion, from Texas, had the stripes tinged with yellowish, not so purely
crimson as in my male type from Kansas. Zonalis, Spraguet, Elegans and
Vivida are, perhaps, the handsomest species in the genus and are not
inferior in beauty, from the contrast offered by their colors, to the species
of Arctia. The brilliantly tinted stripes and bodies are set off by the
neutral tints of the wings. I have elsewhere drawn a parallel between
this genus and Cfenucha in form and color, which is interesting ; the
metallic sheen of Cfenucha is wanting in these soft colored species of true
Arctide.

ARSILONCHE AND LEUCANIA.

BY JOHN B. SMITH, BROOKLYN, N, Y.

During the past two years I have found on the exchange lists of most
northern, and ail Canadian collectors with whom I have done any ex-
changing, Arsilonche albovenosa Goetze under its synonym Adlepharon
ffenrici Grt., and on their list of “ wants” as uniformly appeared Leucanta
phragmitidicola Guen. 1 always sent for Arszlonche, and always received
Leucania phragmitidicola. ‘The latter is acommon insect, but the former
is more rare, and it may be interesting to know how the two can be dis-
tinguished. Superficially they are very much alike; generically they
differ as follows: A*rszlonche has lashed eyes, Leucania has them airy ;
the tongue in Avsz/onche is weak and short, in Lewcanza long and corneous;
the legs in the former are shorter and more compact than in the latter, and
the spurs of middle and posterior tibiz are much shorter. The vestiture
of Arsilonche on thorax and body is entirely hairy, fine and long; in
Leucania the hair is somewhat flattened, more scale-like and shorter
Arsilonche has also the head more retracted, the abdomen longer and the
primaries rather more lanceolate. The secondaries in a/bovenosa are pure
white, in phragmitidicola they are more smoky and have a darker border.

198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The primaries in a/bovenosa are whitish with smoky lines ; in phragmitidr-
cola the ground color is a straw yellow, darker on costa, through the centre
of the wing and just below the apex; the median vein is white, and in
fact all the veins can be distinctly traced as fine white lines. At the end
of the discal cell, almost on the median vein, there is a distinct black
spot, and there is an oblique row of dark spots—often not very distinct—
from the apex to the hinder margin. __I have in one instance received a
specimen of Z. Harvey? Grt. as albovenosa, and several times Harveyt have
reached me ticketed phragmitidicola. L. Harveyt is smaller, has the
ground color of primaries paler, and while the pattern of markings is
almost identical with phragmitidicola, it is readily distinguished from it by
the much heavier, clearly defined dark markings, by having several distinct
black dots in the discal cell, and by the want cf white scales on the veins ;
the median vein is the only white one, and this is much more distinct than
in phragmitidicola ; the secondaries seem also much darker in Harveyz.

As to relative position in the family, Avsz/onche stands near the head,
before Acronycta, while Leucania (or Heliophila according to Mr. Grote)
comes after the typical Voctwa and nearer to Orthosta and its allies.

Mr. Grote, in his Catalogue, places Avsilonche just before Leucania,
but it seems much nearer to Acronycta, and I consider the place Lederer
gave the genus when he described it as more appropriate.

NOTES ON A GALL MITE OF THE NETTLE TREE
( Celtis occidentalis. )

BY REV. T. W. FYLES, COWANSVILLE, P. Q.

GALL, formed on the under side of the leaf, pear-shaped, half an inch
long, forms a cup-like indentation on the upper surface. I have counted
eighteen galls on one leaf. One mite in a gall.

Mire, one-tenth of an inch long. Eyes large and protuberant, light
red. Antennz moniliform, ten-jointed—the basal joint and that next it
being much larger than the rest. Proboscis for suction. Four undeveloped
wings—mere protuberances in the case of some (probably younger) speci-
mens—generally translucent, but in some instances smoky brown. Legs,
six in number, hairy, semi-transparent. Abdomen much enlarged, top-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199

shaped, the three last segments reddish brown. ‘Tuft of terminal spines
of the same color. The creature has a gelatinous appearance ; and this,
together with its agitation when disturbed, reminds one of Young Blight’s
description of Old Dolls: ‘ All a-shaking like glue monge.” It attains
its growth in August and becomes quiescent.

THE PErRFecr INSECT makes its appearance in September. To allow
its egress the pupa-skin is ruptured from the head to a point beyond the
base of the wing-covers. Its appearance is that of a very minute Cicada.
Colors light at first, but darkening with exposure. Eyes large, madder-
brown in a lighter setting. The facets very distinct, giving the eye a
granulated appearance. ‘Three ocelli, like small rubies, one above each
compound eye, and one between the plates of the face just above the
palpi. Antenne moniliform, two large and eight smaller joints, as in the
mite. Thorax, dark brown above with longitudinal bands of lighter color,
amber-colored beneath, mottled with dark brown. Six powerful legs
covered with short bristly hairs ; femur much stouter than tibia, and more
darkly colored ; tarsus two-jointed. Upper wings large and full, pearl-
grey, thickly peppered with black—the peppering leaving a band, towards
the lower end, clear. The nervures are brownish amber. Under wings
of finer texture, and with no black spots, but in some lights beautifully
iridescent ; have three nervures, the inmost indented. The insect is quick
in its motions, making a sudden spring like the Frog-hopper.

EARLY STAGES OF FIDONIA NOTATARIA, Wa x.
BY L. W. GOODELL, AMHERST, MASS.

Eccs.—Oblong, covered with hexagonal depressions and bright green
in color. Length 0.6 mil.; width 0.3 mil. Duration of egg stage 12 days.

Younc Larva.—Length 2 mil.; head twice as wide as the body, round
and deep ochre yellow ; body dull yellowish green with a faint paler stig-
matal stripe.

Mature Larva.—Body of uniform thickness, deep green with a nar-
row sub-dorsal and stigmatal white stripe, and a dorsal greenish-white hair
line; dorsal space pale green; ventral space yellowish green. Head
brownish green with a lateral white stripe which is a continuation of the
sub-dorsal stripe of the body. Length at rest 25 to 26 mil.; when crawl-

200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ing, 26 to 27 mil. Food plant, Pius strobus. Duration of larva stage,
35 to 40 days. Described from 57 specimens.

Pupa.—Length g to 11 mil.; color brown, the spaces between the
segments and a dorsal line darker ; wings dark green ; subterranean.

CORRESPONDENCE.

ba

DeEaR Sir: Ina recent number of the Can. Env., Mr. Reed speaks
of Tityrus Skipper as scarce about London. Here it is one of our most
abundant species, and its larva can be found on the locust trees at almost
any time throughout the summer. But this fall I found great numbers
of them feeding on a wild trailing vine, in all stages of their growth; this
vine may have been their native food plant before they had the locust to
feed upon.* Mr. Reed also mentions having found C/ytus pictus. It is no
doubt CZytus or Cyllene robinia that he refers to, ficlus being the Hickory
Clytus, and only found in the spring of the year. There is a good deal
of confusion existing about these species, some even questioning if there
are two. It is undoubtedly vodznza that Harris describes under the name
of pictus. Whether both species were discovered at that time I know
not, but Walsh is reported by Packard to have said that the male of vobinia
differs from zcfws in having much larger and stouter antennze, and in
having its body tapered behind to a blunt point, while the female is not
distinguishable at all. With 18 specimens of pzctuzs before me, captured
between the 17th and 21st of May, 1879, on hickory cord-wood cut the
previous winter, and a large number of 7zobinia, I note the following
differences: In Picéus the body is uniformly more slender and tapers more
behind than vobinia. In pictus the antennz is decidedly longer, that of
the females reaching to the end of the body, and that of the males
beyond. The third or W-band on the wing covers is noticeably more
delicate than in vodznia, and quite white in contrast to the yellow of the
other’s markings, a characteristic I have never seen in any 7vodinza I ever
met with (and I see them here in hundreds every fall feeding on the
Golden-rod), and one which would of itself make it quite easy to pick out
my ictus, male or female, from amongst any quantity of zobinza they

might be mixed with. :
J. Atston Morrat, Hamilton, Ont.

*This vine, a sample of which was sent by Mr. Moffat, is Lathyraus paluster L.,
known under the common name of ‘ The Marsh Vetchling.”—[Ed. C. E.

Che Canadran ll

VOL. XIV. “LONDON, ONT., NOVEMBER, 1882. NUP ‘FI

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF GRAPTA
INTERROGATIONIS, Fas.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

Ecc.—Conoidal, the base flattened and rounded ; marked by 8 or 9
vertical ribs, which near the base are low, but on upper third are consider-
ably elevated, increase gradually in prominence and terminate abruptly
around a small flat space at summit; these ribs are thin and their sides
are grooved perpendicular to the surface of the egg; color pale green.
Duration of this stage from 3 to 4 days in summer, in April and early May
ro days.

Younc Larva.—Length 24 hours from egg .1 inch; precisely like
Comma at same stage ; cylindrical, even from 2 to 7, then tapering slightly
to extremity ; on 2 is a chitinous dorsal patch on which are six tubercles,
three on either side the medio-dorsal line, each with black hair; below are
two tubercles on either side; on 3 to 13 are two dorsal rows of large
tubercles, one to each segment, on the anterior part of same, each with
long curved hair, from 3 to 7 turned forwards, the rest back ; next, a row
of small tubercles from 3 to 13; on 3 and 4, these stand under the dor-
sals, but on the other segments they are behind the line; a third row of
small tubercles from 5 to 13, under the dorsals, and on 2 to 4 is an exten-
sion of this row below the line of the other segments; on 3 and 4is a
short row, in line with the spiracles, and a corresponding tubercle appears
on 13; below spiracles, on the posterior part of each ségment from 5 to
13, is a minute tubercle ; and finally, along base of body is a row of
minute ones from 2 to 13, on 2 to 4 one to each segment, also on 13, but
on the other segments, two to each ; from all these proceed hairs, those
of the basal row depressed, but of the other rows, from 2 to 7 they are
turned forward, the rest back ; color at first whitish-yellow, semi-translu-
cent, and some examples have the dorsum crossed by brownish patches
alternating with the yellow ; as the stage proceeds the body becomes red-
brown, with white on dorsum of segments 4, 6, 8, 10, with variation in

202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

this respect ; head rounded ; color shining black ; many black hairs scat-
tered over the face curving downward. Duration of this stage 3 days in
May, 2 in summer.

After rst Moult.—Length .14 inch soon after the moult, in 24 hours
.20 inch ; slender, even; color red-brown, with indistinct whitish lines ;
of these, a wavy line runs with second laterals ; from base of each first
lateral is an oblique line outward to the front of the segment, and from
each dorsal are two such lines, one on either side ; armed with seven rows
of spines, one dorsal, and three on either side, disposed as in Comma ;
these are short, stout, black, beset at top with short branches, with some
shorter spines on the sides, each ending in a black bristle ; as the larva
approaches second moult, the bases of the dorsal and 1st lateral spines
become white or yellow, or reddish-yellow, while the color becomes more
red, and the lines become more distinct ; on 2 is a dorsal transverse row
of 4 short, simple spines; legs and feet dark brown; head rounded,
depressed at top, the vertices a little produced, each bearing a stout, thick,
black process, with conical spine at top, and shorter ones around the base
of this; color black, with many black hairs. Duration of this stage from
2 to 3 days.

After 2nd Moult.—Length .24 inch ; color black, the lines as before,
with the addition of one running with lower laterals, more distinct, often
macular ; spines as before, but variable in color ; in some examples, all
are black except the dorsals and tst laterals on 4, 6, 8, 10, where they are
reddish-yellow ; some have the spines on these rows light, except on 9, 11
and 12; usually the second laterals are black and the lower row is pale
yellow ; in all cases the tips are black ; as the stage proceeds the color of
body changes to olive-brown, and the lines become more conspicuous ;
head as before, much covered with white simple spines. Duration of this
stage from 2 to 3 days.

After 3rd Moult.—Length .5 inch; color black, with cream-white
lines, quite macular; spines very variable; some examples have every
spine of the upper five rows reddish to.reddish-yellow, the lower laterals
pale yellow ; some have the dorsals and rst laterals from 3 to 11 red, the
rest and all of second laterals black ; some have the body color vinous

« instead of black, with no black spines, the upper rows very red anteriorly,
the lower laterals yellow; the lines yellow; head either deep brown-red,
or decided red in the vinous larvae, the processes red, with spines both

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203

red and black ; the spines on face yellow or white. Duration of this stage
2 to 3 days.

After 4th Moult.—Length .9 inch ; color deep black, the spines often
very red, from deep red bases ; the surface much covered with tubercles,
from small to minute, which are partly white, partly yellow, with many
red ; the lines red, or red and yellow. In 2 to 3 days becomes full-grown.

Mature Larva.—Length 1.3 to 1.5 inch; cylindrical, stout ; color
dull black, with white and yellow and red tubercles on the cross ridges ;
and longitudinal lines and bands of red and yellow, varying greatly in dis-
tinctness ; when most distinct, there is a band along the basal ridge; a
stripe running with second laterals, an oblique line from base of each first
lateral outwards to the front of the segment, and one from front on either
side of dorsals also to front of the segment; when the lines are obso-
lescent, the yellow and red tubercles quite cover the surface ; under side
black-brown ; spines in seven rows, one dorsal, three on either side, dis-
posed as in Comma ; long, slender, tapering, with several branches at top,
one being a continuation of the spine, the others arranged about its base
somewhat irregularly ; these are of about equal length in the several rows,
and others, which are shorter, are found on the sides of the spines, and
are particularly numerous on the upper rows of the anterior segments ; the
dorsals have 5 main branches, the Ist laterals 6, the 2nd and lower laterals
4 and 5; in most examples the dorsals and rst laterals are red, except on
3, where they are red with black bases, and on 11 and 12, where they are
usually black, the red being deepest on anterior segments ; the second
laterals are sometimes all red, and the lower row is always yellow; over
the feet from 2 to 10 isa simple red spine; on 2 is a dorsal row of six
simple black spines ; spiracles conspicuous, black in white rings; head
obovoid, rather flattened, deeply cleft, the vertices high, and each bearing
a stout and short black process, ending in a long spur, with five others
about its base, each hair-tipped ; the face covered with simple spines and
tubercles, some minute ; on each side below vertex are four long spines,
black, the rest are mostly white, each with hair; color either deep red-
brown, or red, about the ocelli a large black patch. From 4th moult to
pupation, 5 to 6 days.

Chrysalis.—Length 1 inch, greatest breadth .3 to.32 inch; cylindrical ;
head case high, compressed transversely, at each vertex a long, conical
process ; mesonotum elevated, the carina very prominent, thin, nose-like,
more rounded on the anterior side than in Comma, followed by a deep

204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

excavation ; wing cases raised, flaring at base, compressed in middle, with
a prominent point on the margin on dorsal side ; on the abdomen three
rows of tubercles, those corresponding to the dorsal row of the larva
minute, to the first laterals large and conical, the pair on middle of the
series particularly prominent ; those in the excavation gilded ; color vari-
able, in shades of brown from light yellow to dark, often clouded with
olivaceous or lilac ; sometimes a dark green stripe on the side of abdomen
below wing cases. Duration of this stage from 7 to 11 days, according to
the weather.

Grapta /uterrogationis is found over the entire United States, except
on the Pacific slope, flying from Arizona to Montana and through Canada
to Nova Scotia. In the northern States, and probably in Canada, it is
two-brooded, but in West Virginia there are three broods, and a more or
less successful effort for a fourth, depending on the weather late in the
fall. In Florida there are at least four broods, and probably five. At
Coalburgh, eggs laid by hybernating females give butterflies last of May.
This is the first brood of the season. Eggs laid early in June give butter-
flies early in July—the second brood. __Eggs laid last of July give butter-
flies in September—the third brood. Eggs laid through September give
butterflies in October. Individuals of each brood are emerging for some
weeks, say for a month, so that the earlier females may be laying eggs
while the later members of the same brood are coming from chrysalis.
But in case of the fourth brood, it often can be only the earliest hatched
larvae which produce butterflies, because by rst October we are apt to
have frost and cold weather, and the food is thereby destroyed. But in
some seasons frost holds off till late in the fall, and then the greater part
of the larvae might reach chrysalis. As stated in Can. Ent., x. p. 72,1
think it probable that the butterflies of the third brood do not hybernate,
but that the continuance of the species depends on the individuals of the
fourth brocd, usually but few in number. This would account for the
species being so rare in this district late in the fall and early in spring as
compared with Comma, which has no fourth brood. The Comma butter-
flies of the third brood are the hybernators, and are to be seen in multi-
tudes before winter, or in November. Whereas /nferrogationis then is
rarely seen. And yet in midsummer it is as common asis the other species.

Interrogationis is a seasonally dimorphic species, the two forms being
also very distinct in both shape and coloration. They are figured in
Butterflies of N. A., Vol. 1. The hybernating form is Fadriciz, but in one

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205

instance, and one only, I have seen an Umbrosa early in the year, which
must have hybernated. The only hybernating female I have been able to
breed from was Fabrici, from which I got eggs, 28th April, 1877. The
result on and just before ath June was 21 butterflies, all Umbrosa, the first
brood of the year. Eggs laid by the females of Umbrosa of the first
brood have repeatedly produced a mixed brood—the 2nd of the year—
but with a majority of individuals Umdrosa, as :
11 Umbrosa to 6 Fabricit

26 ce ce no oe
19 6c 9 no «ec

I 6c 6c 2 “6
14 ce oc no 74
38 “ce “ce 16 “cc
I2 ce “ce no e

Total, 121 Umbrosa, 24 Fabricit.
Eggs laid by the females Umbrosa of the 2nd brood have produced a
mixed brood, the 3rd of the year, with a larger proportion of Fadricti, as:
63 Umbrosa to 34 Fabric

2 cc cc 9 6é

I “c oe 20 it4

I ce ee 5 74

46 a4 “cc 6 ce

21 “<c 74 no “cc

Larvae found—65 + ura)
6 ce “cc 16 6c

Total, 205 Umbrosa to 94 Fabriciz.

So that while in the 2nd brood Umérosa has had 80 per cent. of the
whole product, in the 3rd brood the same form has had but 60 per cent.
Eggs laid by Umbrosa of the 3rd brood have produced Fabric only,
the 4th brood, as:
No Umbrosa, 25 Fabricit.

Larvae found—No oe 10 e
No (79 4 74
No 74 2 ce
No <4 25 oe

Also I have recorded in October that no form has been seen by me but
Fabricit, that many were about, coming to apples in the orchard.

206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The last brood in Florida, if I may judge by 25 Fabdriciz which
emerged from chrysalis, at Coalburgh, in November, 1880, the larvae
received from Indian River, as before related, would be all Fadvicii. It
would seem therefore that the species is strictly seasonally dimorphic, the
last brood producing Faébriciz, the hybernating females producing Umbrosa,
but the intervening broods, like the second brood of Comma, producing
both forms, but with a majority of individuals Umérosa, or the summer
form. This is what might have been expected, when the species became
polygoneutic, as the interpolated broods are summer broods. The winter
brood holds its own, the summer broods after the first, or original one, are
made up of both forms.

In the case of the single Umbrosa seen in early spring, of which I
have spoken, this may have veen an exceptional member of the 4th
brood, or a hybernating member of the 3rd.

The larvae, as before described, are very variable. That is, they also
are polymorphic, and they may readily be separated into 3 or 4 distinct
types, as thus:

1. Body black, finely specked with yellow ; no longitudinal lines on dor-
sum or upper part of side.

a. Body black, with small spots in place of the specks or dots, the longi-
tudinal lines more or less conspicuous, and either yellow or red, or
mixed.

3. Body russet, much covered with yellow spots, giving a pepper and salt
appearance, the lines often obsolete.

There are intermediate variations, and there is a great variety in the
color of the spines, from deep red and red bases, to yellow, or mixed.

The larvae from Florida were of one of these types only, No. 2, and
especially were there none of the russet variety.

The food plants of /uterrogationis are Hop, Nettle, False Nettle,
(Boehmeria cylindrica,) Elm, Celtis, and in W. Va. they may be found on
all these plants at the same season of the year. But the preference is for
Hop and Elm, the first early in the season, the other in August and Sep-
tember. I have near my house many Elm sprouts which are cut down
every year, to be replaced in a few weeks by a fresh growth. It is on the
tender terminal leaves of these that the female chooses to lay her eggs,
either singly or in strings of from 2 to 5 or 6, on the under side of thé
leaf usually. The egg is not correctly represented in But. N. A,, although
copied from a drawing made by so good an artist as Mr. Konopicky. It

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207

is too round, and perhaps the example sent for drawing was altered by the
alcohol in which it was immersed. The egg really is like that of Comma
figured on Plate of Dryas. The number of ribs varies from 8 to Io,
Where a string of eggs is laid, the number of ribs is same in all. It is
almost needless to say that the young larvae do not consume their egg
shells. A lady correspondent says: “The Graptas scramble through their
scuttles in headlong haste, totally regardless as to who may take possession
‘of their late tenements, leaving whole hamlets to prove their presence in
the vicinity.” The larva attacks the leaf, eating a hole through it, each
for itself, and during the first stages feeds about the margin of this hole.
. During all stages it lives unprotected, except as it lies under the leaf, in
contrast with the habit of Comma, which after 2nd moult draws the edges

of a leaf together at base and finds concealment beneath the awning thus
made.

PREPARATORY STAGES OF AGROTIS ANNEXA, Tr.
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

Egg.—Diameter .o3 inch. Shape globular, the base rather broad, the
sides ribbed longitudinally, 12 of these ridges which reach the apex alter-
nating with twice as many more of different lengths. The ridges are
connected by slender cross bars, the transverse sides of the included
spaces being longer than the longitudinal. The small apical space is
punctured. Color white. Duration of this period, 4 days.

Young Larva.—Length .o7 of aninch. Color pale grayish-white, a
little pinkish on the anterior part. Head and top of joint 1 black. Pili-
ferous spots small, black, the gray hairs arising from each a little longer
than the diameter of the body. Leys 16, but the first and second pairs
of abdominal, short so that the middle of the body is arched a little in
walking. After eating the color of the body is pale grayish green. The
piliferous spots, or at least the thoracic, in a single transverse row to each
joint. Duration of this period, 8 days.

After rst Moult.—Length .17 inch. Head brown, the clypeus. paler.
Color of the body about the same as before, with slight traces of dorsal,
sub-dorsal and stigmatal lines, all pale. The piliferous spots regularly
arranged, except on the first three joints, where they are in a single trans-
verse row to each joint. Top of joint 1a little brownish. Legs about
as before. Duration of this period, 5 days.

208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

After 2nd Moult.—Length .35 inch. Color pale green with a slight
brownish tinge, the dorsal, sub-dorsal and stigmatal lines without this
tinge. Piliferous spots as before in position and color, a black hair from
each. There is a dark oblique shade on the dorsum through the piliferous
spots a little above the sub-dorsal line. Head brown, pale above the
mouth ; joint 1 a little yellowish above with four spots and hairs in front
of the regular row. Duration of this period, 3 to 4 days.

After 3rd Moult.—Length .55 inch. Color of the dorsum drab with
a narrow dorsal line a little more distinct than the rest, the dorsal space
finely mottled with dull green, the dark shade along the piliferous spots
about the same as in the last period. Sides dull green mottled with drab
or pale ochre. Sub-dorsal line moderately distinct, the sub-stigmatal line
a series of elongate, somewhat lunate spots. The lower half of the sub-
dorsal space paler than the upper half. Piliferous spots as before. Head
very pale brownish except the upper half of the cheeks, which are brown-
ish black ; jaws and ocelli dark brown. Duration of this period, 3 days.

After 4th Moult.--Length .75 inch. Color of dorsum yellowish drab,
a whitish dorsal line bordered each side with a blackish line not very dis-
tinct. The oblique blackish shade along the course of the piliferous spots
is prominent, reaching the border to the dorsal line. Sides grayish green
the merest trace of a sub-dorsal line on some of the anterior joints, The
region of the sub-stigmatal line yellowish green instead of grayish. Stig-s
mata black, the space in the immediate vicinity of each a little yellowish.
Venter and sub-stigmatal space green. Piliferous spots as in the last
period. Head of nearly a nankeen color, the frontof the cheeks dark
brown, the sides mottled. Top of joint 1 brownish. Duration of this
period, 5 days.

After 5th Moult.—Length from .go to 1.00 inch. Color above to near
the stigmata greasy blackish gray, with a yellowish drab oblique mark on
each joint outside the dorsal piliferous spots, each mark broadest pos-
teriorly and mottled a little with the ground color. On some there is no
trace of dorsal and sub-dorsal lines, except on the cervical shield. Sub-
stigmatal line pale gray, faintly yellowish. Venter pale greenish gray.
Head pale greenish gray, slightly brownish on some, more or less dark
brown on the cheeks, this mottled outside.

Mature Larva.—Length 1.35 inches, width of head .10 inch, of middle
of body .2z0 inch. As the time of pupating approaches the colors are

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209

more blended and of a dark greasy gray, though the general marks are the
same as at the first of the period. Duration of this period, 12 days.

Chrysalis..—Length .65 inch, length of wing cases from anterior end
-39 inch, cf leg and antennae cases .40 inch, the latter reaching a little
beyond the hind margin of joint 5 of the abdomen. Depth of thorax .18
inch, of abdominal joint 1, .18 inch, of joint 3, .19 inch, showing the
chrysalis to be about cylindrical. Anterior part rounded down to the
front of the head. The tip of anal joint ending in two short conical
points. General surface smooth and shining, but the anterior edge of the
dorsal part of joints 5 to 8 very much roughened. Color rather pale
brown, the following parts dark brown: eyes, humeri, stigmata, tip of anal
joint and the dorsal anterior part of joints 5 to 8. Duration of this
period from 25 to 46 days.

About the first of August, 1882, the moth from which the eggs upon
which my observations were taken, was captured, and the eggs were
deposited August 3rd. The egg and larval history covered a period of 40
days, and the pupal was from 25 to 46 days more, making in round num-
bers from 2 to 3 months from the egg to moth. I do not know the num-
ber of eggs that were obtained, or larve resulting, but 39 completed all
their transformations, having pupal periods as follows :

6 a period of 25 days.

10 € Abr As
9 , 27“
3 8 26 4
2 “ 29 “ce
3 a Boris
3 6“ ey ce
2 ‘ 44°
I rf AG, SS

The last were probably prolonged by the days and nights becoming
for a time colder. This will give us two broods at least ina season. I
am not sure of the way they pass the winter, though from the moths com-
ing out in October, it is probable that they hibernate here as part grown
larvee, though it may be different further north. Their habits are truly
‘“‘cut-worm,” eating almost anything offered them, and hiding in the dirt
during the day time. They were fed for the most part on Knot-grass
(Polygonum aviculare). A few were kept in a glass dish partly filled with

210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

moist dirt, and as they went down in the dirt by the side of the dish to
pupate, I could see that the dirt of which the cocoon was made was mixed
with web.

NEW TABANID/~.
BY JOHN MARTEN, CARBONDALE, ILL.

Sub-genus Therisplectes.—“ Eyes pubescent ; ocelligerous tubercle more
or less distinct ; eyes (female) with three or four bright green or bluish
cross-bands.”

T. Californicus, n. sp. Length 17 mm, Eyes pubescent, with thin
purplish bands. Front yellowish-gray ; callosity nearly square, brownish,
shining, prolonged above ; ocelligerous tubercles brownish-black on a black
spot. Face and cheeks grayish with white hairs. Palpi yellowish-white
with small black hairs, Antenne reddish ; annulate portion of third joint
black ; upper angle prominent. Thorax grayish-brown with the usual
gray stripes and golden yellow pubescence ; humerus reddish ; pleura and
pectus grayish with long white hairs. Abdomen brownish-black, sides of
first four segments brownish-yellow, which color leaves a row of black
irregular spots in the middle, largest on the second segment and smallest
on the third ; also dark oblique spots on lateral margins. Venter yellow-
ish with yellow pubescence ; darker on the last three segments. Femora
black, brownish at the tip ; front tibiz dark brown, proximal end lighter ;
second and third tibiz darker toward the tip ; tarsi dark brown. Wings
hyaline ; costal ceil light brown ; faint clouds in cross-veins and bifurcation
of third vein.

Described from one female from California.

T: hemaphorus, n. sp. Length 16 to 18mm. Front brownish-gray ;
callosity black, shining, prolonged in a spindle-shaped line above; ocel-
ligerous tubercle black on a brownish-black spot. Face and cheeks yel-
lowish-gray with gray hairs. Palpi yellowish-white with minute black hairs.
Antenne black, faintly reddish on second joint and base of third joint ;
third joint but little excised. Thorax grayish-black with distinct gray
lines and whitish hairs; humerus reddish; pleura and pectus gray with
long dirty gray hairs. Abdomen with broad median band and last three
segments brownish-black, sides of other segments fulvous with faint black-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 211

ish spots on lateral margins ; a row of grayish triangles on the median
band, most distinct on the second segment. Venter fulvous with light
hairs, darker towards the tip, and first and second segments more or less
dark. Femora black, brownish at the tips ; anterior pair entirely black.
Tibiz dark brownish, the anterior pair black at the tip. Tarsi blackish-
brown, anterior ones black. Wings sub-hyaline; costal vein slightly
brownish, faint clouds on cross-veins and bifurcation of third vein. .
Described from two females from California.

T. captonts, n. sp. Length t4 mm. Eyes pubescent, with three pur-
plish cross-bands. Front narrowed anteriorly, yellowish-gray, with black
hairs ; callosity large, chestnut-brown, shining, prolonged above ; sub-
callus denuded, shining ; ocelligerous tubercle dark brown, almost black,
and surrounded with black. Face and cheeks gray with white hairs. Palpi
yellowish with minute black hairs. Antenne reddish, annulate portion of
third joint black, angle not projecting much. Thorax brownish-black
with whitish and yellowish pubescence ; humerus reddish-brown ; pleura
and pectus grayish with white hairs. Abdomen yellow on the sides of
segments one to four; a dorsal band and last three segments black ; hind
margins of segments yellow fringed with golden yellow hairs ; venter yel-
lowish with middle of segment one and the tips blackish. Femora black,
brownish at tip ; first pair of tibia black with proximate end brownish ;
middle and posterior tibiae brownish with black hairs, darker toward tip ;
tarsi dark brown. Wings hyaline, costal cell yellowish. Female from
California.

T. centron, n. sp.—Length 16 mm.
Female. Habitat Colorado.

Eyes pubescent. Front narrow gray; callosity black shining, a de-
tached, spindle-shaped line above ; sub-callus denuded, shining ; ocelliger-
ous tubercle blackish Antennae black, slightly red at base of third joint.
Face and cheeks gray with gray hairs. Palpi yellowish. ‘Thorax black
with dingy black hairs and five gray lines. Pleura and pectus black with
gray pollen and hairs. Abdomen brownish-black ; a row of equilateral
triangles on the middle and oblique triangles on each side of the first four
segments ; hind margins fringed with whitish hairs. Venter fulvous with
black on first segment, iateral margins and last four segments. Wings
hyaline ; costal cell yellowish-brown, and very faint clouds on cross-veins

212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and bifurcation of third vein. Femurs grayish-black ; tibiae brown, darker
on distal ends ; a fringe of black hairs on outer margins of the second and
third pairs ; tarsi brownish-black.

NEW SPECIES AND NOTES ON STRUCTURE OF MOTHS >
AND GENERA.

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M.

The veins of the wings in the moths are usually considered to fall into
four main branches. I would, however, consider them to afford only two
series ; vein 1 of the German Entomologists belonging to the median
series, and vein 12 to the sub-costal series of venules. In describing the
neuration of Luherrichia (= Herrichia Grote non Staudinger) I have
accidentally written “ sub-median” for “median.” Generic characters
in the Woctuide are offered by the disposition of veins 6 to 9 on the fore
wings and of the median series on the hind wings, from which vein 5 is
sometimes (Spragueia) absent. In addition there is the presence of an
accessory cell to be noted on primaries, which is caused by the peculiar
position and course of the subcostal series of venules.

Genus CoNSERVULA Grote.

It is surely not necessary to go over the entire structure in the diagnoses
of related genera; the record of a single distinguishing structural feature
should suffice. I have, however, usually recapitulated the characters ; in
the present case the entire primaries and even external or hind margin
distinguishes Cozservula from Brotolomia Led. and Trigonophora Led., ex.
Hubn. In Lederer’s monographic work several genera are partially but
sufficiently characterized. I have followed so excellent an authority in
considering secondary sexual characters (e. g. as in Zhecophora) of generic
value. In Conservula the body vestiture is less hairy and shorter than in
Euplexia, which the species approaches in size. While Walker and
Gueneé do not usually give the structure of eyes and feet, Ochsenheimer,
whose genera are all accepted, gives, as I have shown, no characters at
all. Hubner’s phrases are usually unsatisfactory, though his genera are
sometimes good and always remarkable considering his times Ina mono-
graph all the characters should be gone over, but in descriptional work
the main object is to make the insect recognizable and to spare words. [|

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. yA Ns

am not aware of any test by which it shall be decided that a genus is
sufficiently characterized. When the species is already known, less words
are, I should think, needed. It is better to supplement missing characters
in a diagnosis, than to needlessly criticize its author, especially in the case
where a good number of genera have been fully and clearly made out by
him and his work is largely of a pioneer kind, and often has to be accom-
plished with borrowed specimens or single examples. The difficulty of
being always right is shown by Mr. Smith in putting Po/enfa among genera
with unarmed tibia, while, fer contra, I wrongly stated as it appears
(though hesitatingly) that Aeva/a had no ocelli. There is room for care-
ful work in the WVoctuide, but the species must be fully examined as I have
tried to do in the genera allied to Zvoty/a. A good lens, a good or per-
fect male specimen and a duplicate for dissection, a quick eye and
experience are needed. If, with all these, patience and courtesy are
possessed by the author, who must also know the literature well, satis-
factory work cannot fail to be accomplished. Even with all these the
student will be disappointed if he expects to produce a ‘“‘ Synopsis” that
shall be correct and complete, in a short time. | We probably shall have
to classify nearly 2,000 kinds of octuid@ ; I have examined or described
about 1,200.

Genus PLATrYSAMIA Grote.

Hubner’s genus Sama, erected in the Verzeichniss for species incor-
rectly associated, and with a diagnosis devoid of characters of value, is
used by anti-Hubnerists instead of P/atysamia, a term fully explained and
correctly limited by me to the three or four species, Cecrvpia, Gloveri, Col-
umbia and Ceanotht. Upon what ground this is excused does not appear.
It is not consistent ; and can only be done by those who give to Hubner’s
genera the same value as those of scientific writers. Even in this case
the procedure is doubtfully defensible. In using Hubner’s genera I have
been often guided by the prior use of the rejected term, # e¢. in preferring
Lithophane to Xylina, Eustrotia for Erastria, etc., both Xylina and
Erastria being previously proposed by Hubner for different genera from
those to which Treitschke and Ochsenheimer gave the terms. The entire
question of Hubner’s genera has been treated in a personal way, and
every attempt I have made to compromise the matter has been met by
unnecessary insistence on unimportant points. As it stands now, and
taking the “Brooklyn List” as an example, Hubner seems only to be

214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

used where his names overthrow a genus proposed or adopted by myself.
Mis-statements are made to sustain this view, as, for instance, when Cves-
sonia is made synonymous with Polyftichus, whereas we originally showed
that /uglandis was cited by Hubner with a number of species not pro-
perly associated with it, and no name had yet been used for one species
which is unique as to structure and has no congener ; Mr. Strecker’s
Pallens being based on the pale female variety, and Mr. Butler’s Rodinsonit
being only large specimens of our somewhat variable and most interesting
insect, first described by Abbot and Smith.

Genus PseupoHazis G. & R.

Mr. Henry Edwards, who has made many interesting observations of
the larvae of Californian moths, informs me that he knows the Jarvae of
both £glanterina and Hera (= Pica), and that they are unquestionably
different. The synonymy adopted in my “ New Check List” is taken
from an article of mine published some years ago in the CANADIAN
ENtTomoLocist. Doubleday’s specimen, described by Harris, is presum-
ably the same as that deposited by him in the British Museum and made
afterwards the type of Pica. Audubon’s figures have no real bearing on
the synonymy of the two forms.

Genus EULEUCOPHAEUS Pack.

Eyes naked ; clypeus moderately broad, with coarse dependant vesti-
ture. Male antennae pectinate to the tips, median vein three branched.
Wings entire. Forewings pointed at tips; outer margin even. I cannot
separate Zricolor generically from Yavapai and AZaia. We may follow
Dr. Packard and regard the insect as a faded species, owing its color to
its peculiar environment, but it is a faded Hemileuca. .The type of Aaza
and Nevadensis departs too little to consider it different ; the head is im-
perceptibly more sunken, the naked eyes almost lost under the dependant
vestiture. The pattern of Z7icolor essentially agrees with that of Yazvapaz.
I should therefore consider 7ricolor, Vavapai, Juno, Diana, Grotei, Neva-
densts and M/ata congeneric and refer them all to HYemileuca. After care-
fully examining the satiny white Leucophaeus Neumoezent Hy. Edw., one of
our most beautiful Bombyces, I find that the head is freer, more promi-
nent than in Hemzleuca, the front a little narrower, the vestiture shorter
and not so overhanging. The male antennae are provided with shorter
pectinations. They are in both sexes testaceous, while in 77color they are
brown-black as in the other Hemé/eucaec, The pattern of ornamentation

{HE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 915

is different. We have here a common extra-mesial black line, and the
appearance is more Saturnia-like. . There are two spots on the cell of fore-
wings, while in Hfemz/ewca we have only one. ‘These characters are sufh-
cient for at least a subgeneric division, and I propose to call it
ARGYRAUGES, from the sheeny white wings. While in Aemzleuca the
colors are dull, in Avgyrauges the fore wings especially are glossy and the
colors bright. In Avgyrauges the wings seem a little broader and fuller,
but they hardly differ from AZaza in this respect. The squamation of the
wings is of a different character. The neuration, so far as I can observe
it without denuding the wings, seems essentially the same in all these
forms. ‘There is a tendency in Maza and (Vevadensis to vary in a different
direction from the other forms. So far as I recollect, Dr. Hopffer’s male
and female types from Texas, in the Imperial Museum at Berlin, his 7.
Grotet, is more like Maia, though opaque, than the type of Yavapaz. It
was the first of the species, allied to J/aia, to be described. While Veva-
densis seems to be hardly more than a variety of J/aza, I have never seen
either /uzo or Diana, but, from information, it seems likely that they are
the same. Is Dana not the same as Grotez ?

HyYPERCHIRIA ZEPHYRIA Grote.

2. Fore wings blackish fuscous, very dark, with an even white stripe
from apex to middle of inner margin. Hind wings bright yellow in the
disk with a large ocellus like /o ; the yellow field is confined by an outer
black line ; terminal field pale fuscous shaded. Size of 7. Pamina or a
little larger, allied to it by the pale fawn abdomen shaded broadly above
with red. The male differs by the abdomen all red above. The base of
secondaries show longer pink red hairs. Beneath discolorous fuscous, with
white discal dots surrounded by biack on primaries. Thorax fuscous ;
marked where the wing touches the sides with white. New Mexico. Prof.
F. H. Snow.

This is a notable addition to North American Bombyces.

MARMOPTERYX SPONSATA, DN. S.

Above very pale ochrey, silky, immaculate except that the white bands
of the under surface are reflected ; fringes white checkered with brown.
Beneath primaries as above ; costa and apices yellow, strigate with red ; a
whitish band interrupted before vein 4 at extremity of all very vaguely
indicated. Hind wings yellow strigate with red except for a space on
internal margin before the band, where they are blackish. A broad white

216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

band broken superiorly and interrupted at the binding; it appears as a
spot again above the white discal spot. Body light ochrey above, white
beneath. Expanse 30 mil. New Mexico, Las Vegas. Prof. Snow.

This must be allied to Avrmosata and Dryadata ; it differs from the
latter description in the color not being “ russet” and in the interrupted
mesial band beneath. Smaller and paler than Sefertz. No. rors.

AGROTIS DOLLII, 0. s.

gf 2. Male antenne pectinate, ciliate. Eyes naked, unlashed.
Tibiz all armed. Labial palpi with spreading hairs. Base of legs and
thorax beneath pilose. In appearance allied to the Lagena—Vernilis
group, but not unlikely best placed near Ri/eyana. Gray washed with
rusty ochreous. The 2 shows the pale claviform spot. There are rusty
cuneiform marks before the s. t. line; the terminal space is darker ;
median space grayer than the rest. The rusty ochrey paler tint obtains
over subterminal space. Orbicular small, sagittate, pointed outwardly.
Reniform small, upright, scroll-shaped, flecked with white on median vein.
T. a. line with large teeth ; t. p. line denticulate ; both lines single, faint
dark gray, rather approximate. Thorax rusty gray. Hind wings white in
both sexes ; veins incompletely marked ; fringe white. Arizona. Coll.
Mr. B. Neumoegen. I name this fine species for Mr. J. Doll, who col-
lected it in the San Francisco Mountains. Its colors are not distinct, but
they are harmoniously blended, the markings easy to recognize the species
by, and it is a well-sized and notable addition to our fauna.

AGROTIS NIVEILINEA, N. S.

ft ¢. More robust than Azdingstana, with white secondaries like
4-dentata, stouter than this or Cicatricosa. A white line crosses the tegule,
parallel with the white streak on subcostal vein. Thorax fuscous. Color
varying to rusty fuscous, the female and most of the males tend to be pale.
Median vein narrowly striped with white. A rusty stain on the subequal
_ stigmata. White dentate shades accompany more prominently the black
veins 3 and 4, and less so veins 6 and 7. Median lines black, lunate,
relieved by rusty shades. Hind wings white with terminal line and white
fringes. Lxpanse 35 mil. Arizona, Mr. Doll. Nearly a dozen examples.

HeELIopHILA RrMosa, n. s.

qf. Fore wings hoary gray, something like Zzgafa in color ; irrorate
with dark speckles, and with a faint warm shade reminding one a little of
Unipuncta in these respects. Allied to Commoides; no lines or spots

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Ze

visible except that there is a continuous series of excessively minute sub-
terminal dots, and the median vein is faintly marked with white and edged
with black, the white color accentuated at base of 3rd and 4th m. ner-
vules. Hind wings pale gray, whitish ; veins soiled. Beneath a blackish
shade marks the inception of s. t. line on costa, and the median vein is
shaded at base of nervules. Hind wings with costa darker ; no lines or
spots. Face and pectus a little smoky ; foretibize pale outwardly. ‘Thorax
gray ; abdomen paler. Eyes hairy. Zxfanse 34 mil. Kittery Point,
Mr. Thaxter.

HapDENA HausTA, n. s.

gf. A-small species related to the European H Sérig/is, but with
the dark shade not extending over the reniform, which with the s. t. space
is grayish. Deep brown from base tot. p. line except over reniform,
beyond which the geminate t. p. line is exserted roundedly. Terminal
space narrow, ferruginous. A costo-apical light-brown spot on s. t. space.
Fringes dark, finely cut with pale. A black mark in place of claviform
spot, crossing median space. Median lines double, indistinct. Hind
wings pale fuscous, with mesial line ; beneath with distinct dot and a fine
dark line. Anal hairs somewhat yellowish. Head and thorax dusky
brownish. Smaller and darker than A Modica. LExpanse 21 mil.
Kittery Point, Me. Mr. Thaxter.

ZOTHECA VIRIDIFERA Grote.

Allied to var. Virtdula of Tranguilla in color and size. The median
lines are nearer together on internal margin. An olive-green patch on
cell between the concolorous obsolete stigmata ; another larger and paler
fills the median space below s. m. fold to internal margin. ‘Transverse
lines single, olivaceous ; t. p. exserted over median veins ; s. t. marked
only on costa. General color a faded pale olivaceous ; hind wings paler
with exterior line. Arizona ; coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq.

SPRAGUEIA SORDIDA, N. Ss.

An obscurely colored species, with the fore wings rather narrower than
usual. Primaries dark colored, fuscous brown, broken by pale scales, the
most prominent mark a pale yellowish costo-apical spot, set in a deep
brown pre-apical shade. The base is olive fuscous to a deeper brownish
transverse anterior band; the disc is broken with pale scales to costa
enclosing a brown mark. The whole very indistinct. Hind wings silky
fuscous, deeper shaded terminally. Beneath silky fuscous ; costa of pri-

28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

maries natrowly pale yellow and the light yellow costo-apical spot
repeated ; internal margin pale. Texas. Zxfanse 15 mil. In my col-
lection.

No one who has carefully examined our dozen species of Spragueia,
and carefully dissected, as I have done, all but two or three, observing the
neuration and the narrow wings, can fail to consider the genus valid and
essentially different from yvotyla sulphuralis of Europe.

(To be Continued.)

CORRESPONDENCE.

Dear Sir: The unusually mild and balmy weather that we have been
enjoying for the last week has made it an easy task for the Entomologist
to neglect his cabinet and correspondence, even now, in the very heart of
the exchanging season, and go out into the woods in search of treasures.
Thus many a luckless Vanessa or Grapta, beguiled by the warm, seductive
sun from her winter quarters, to have a last aerial promenade before her
long cold nap, has found her way into our collections. The morning of
Thanksgiving Day here (gth Nov.) seemed to outdo all its fellows in its
efforts to charm grumbling mankind, and seemed to insist on every one
being thankful and happy. To the lover of flowers the woods provided
several autumn blossoms of such flowers as Viola blanda and V. Canadensis,
late blooms of Solidagos, Achillea millefolium, and stunted Asters whose
heads had been broken or eaten off by cattle, but who were yet determined
to have their look at the world. Among the damp trees the gauzy-winged
male moth of the canker worm could frequently be seen hurriedly flying
from tree to tree in search of his wingless wife. On the walls of a house
several specimens of the curious little Hammer-headed Fly, Sphyracephala
brevicornis, were taken. A fine specimen of Vanessa Milbertt, which came
to peer at me by settling within a couple of feet of my head, reminded
me of the following, which formerly appeared in the Dublin Penny
Journal, and which, as such literature is not at all common, I thought
might be entertaining to some of the readers of the ENroMOLOGIST :

“‘ At the last meeting of the Entomological Society, Feb’y 5, 1844, a
beautiful specimen of Portia rape, evidently just disclosed from the chry-
salis, was exhibited by F. Bond, Esq., which he had captured during the
preceding month.”

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 219

Child of the Summer, what doest thou here,

In the sorrow and gloom of the weeping year ?

When the roses have withered that bloomed on thy birth,
And the sunbeam that nurs’d thee has passed from the earth ;
The flowers that fed thee are frozen and gone—

Thy kindred are perished, and thou art alone—

No one to welcome—no one to cheer—

Child of the Summer, what dost thou here ?

Yet ’tis Sweet thy gossamer wing to view,

Revelling wild in the troubled blue—

Heeding nor rain, nor snow, nor storm—

Buffeting all with thy tiny form.

Even thus the hope of our summer days,

In the heart’s lone winter gaily plays—

Thou art the type of that hope so dear—

Child of the Summer! thou’rt welcome here !

Welcome ’mid sorrow, and gloom, ana showers,
Emblem of gladness that once was ours—
Emblem of gladness that yet will come,

When the sun-bright ether will be thy home ;
And myriads of others as bright as thou,

Will revel around us—all absent now :

Emblem of hope to the mourner dear,

Child of Summer! thou’rt welcome here !

Ottawa, Nov. 13th, 1882. JAMES FLETCHER.

DeaR SiR: On the 16th of August last I captured in our orchard a
beautiful female specimen of Papilio cresphontes Cram., in perfect con-
dition and evidently not long emerged from chrysalis. | Some days later
(Aug. 22) a specimen was seen and pursued without success, and on the
29th another very large female was taken. As one of the food plants of
the larva, Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum americanum Will.) is abundant here,
I think they must have bred in this locality, which is about fifteen miles
south of Montreal. [ think this is the first record of this butterfly being
taken in the Province of Quebec. uptoteta claudia Cram., another but-
terfly rare in this latitude, was taken by me August 15, 1874, near a hop-
field, and is now in the collection of the Montreal Nat. Hist. Society. I
mention this as Mr. Edwards gives Canada no credit for this species in
his useful Catalogue. Joun G. Jack.

Chateauguay Basin, P. Q., Oct. 29, 1882.

220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

BOOK NOTICES.

An illustrated Essay on the Noctuide of North America, with “ A
Colony of Butterflies,” by A. R. Grote, A. M. Lge. 8vo., pp. 85. | Pub-
lished by John Van Voorst, Paternoster Row, London, Eng.

This little volume is beautifully got up, printed in bold type on fine
paper, and illustrated by four excellent colored plates 6n which forty-five
species of Noctuids are figured. These moths have been previously described
in various works, but have not been figured before, and,appear to have
been selected to adorn this handsome little book on account of their
striking beauty ; they are the gems of the genera to which they belong
and well deserve to be thus made better known. Each specimen is num-
bered and accompanied by a brief reference or description.

In a preface of 23 pages the author gives a “ brief résumé” of the
sources from whence he has drawn his information; an account is also
given here of the life history of the Cotton Worm from the egg to the
perfect insect. It is to be regretted that the author should have marred
this section of the work by a personal attack on Prof. Riley, an Entomolo-
gist who has done so much good work in Economic Entomology. It seems
to us most unfair, whatever the provocation may be, to introduce personal
reflections of this sort in a book where the party referred to has no oppor-
tunity of defending himself or of an explanation which will reach the
same readers. Notwithstanding this defect, the little volume will com-
mend itself for its excellencies otherwise, to all those who are interested
in the study of the Noctuids, as a valuable and beautiful contribution to
this department of Entomology.

Transactions of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club. No. 3, 1881-
1882 ; 8vo.; pp. 66, with two plates.

We commend this record of the work of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’
Club to all those who are interested in Canadian Natural History. In
addition to the excellent address of the President, James Fletcher, Esq.,
it contains reports of the work accomplished by the Geological, Botanical
and Entomological branches of the Club ; a list of the birds found in the
vicinity of Ottawa, and addresses which have been delivered on various
natural subjects at the soirees held by the Club.

Che Canadian Entomolodist.

ee ——Ee se

VOL. XIV. LONDON, ONT., DECEMBER, 1882. No. 12

ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS.

THE POPLAR DAGGER-MOTH—Acronycta lepusculina, Gueneé.

BY THE EDITOR.

The caterpillat of this moth is often very destructive to poplar trees,
and more especially to the foliage of the cottonwood tree in the west. It
is, when full grown, an inch and a half or more in length, with a black
head, and its body clothed
with long, soft yellow hairs,
from amongst which arise
along the back five long
pencils of black _ hairs,
When at rest it curls itself
up on the leaf as shown in
figure 22.

When full grown the
caterpillar spins a pale yel-
low cocoon of silk inter-
woven with its own hairs,

hidden in some sheltered
spot, and there changes to
a dark brown chrysalis, from which in due time the moth appears.

The perfect insect measures when its wings are expanded about an
inch and three-quarters across, see
figure 23. Its wings are gray varied
with dark brown dots and spots and
shadings. Near the hinder angle of
the front wings is a rather conspicuous
spot not very distinctly shown in the
figure, resembling the Greek letter ps7
placed sidewise. There are two broods
of this insect during the year; the moths of the first appear in June,
deposit eggs which produce larve that reach their full growth, pass through

Fig. 22, after Riley.

Fig. 23, after Riley.

222 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the chrysalis stage, and from which moths emerge about the end of July.
The second brood of larve are found about the last of August and
throughout September; they become chrysalids late in the season, and
pass the winter in the chrysalis state.

THE LIME-TREE MEASURING WORM—Aybernia tiharia Har.

The larva of this insect is a yellowish looper or measuring worm with
a reddish head and tengwavy black lines along the back. _ It is shown in

Fig. 24, after Comstock.

figure 24, in different positions. It is hatched early in the spring and
completes its growth about the middle of June, about which time it is
often very destructive to basswood, elm, hickory and apple trees. | When
ready for its next change the larva lets itself down from the tree by a
silken thread and buries itself five or six inches below the surface of the
ground, and there changes to a chrysalis from which the moth usually

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 223

escapes the following spring. Occasionally some of the moths appear in
October or November, but this rarely occurs with us,

The male moths have large and delicate wings and feathered antenne,
as seen in the figure. The fore wings, which measure when spread about
an inch and a half across, are of a rusty buff color, sprinkled with brown-
ish dots, with two transverse wavy brown lines and a central brown dot.
The hind wings are pale with a brown dot about their middle.

The female, also shown in the figure, is a wingless, spider-like creature,
with slender thread-like antennze, yellowish white body, sprinkled on the
sides with black dots, and with two black spots on the top of each seg-
ment excepting the last, which has only one. The eggs are oval, of a
pale color, and covered with a net-work of raised lines.

LONG STINGS.

BY FREDERICK CLARKSON, NEW YORK CITY.

In the May number of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST there is a very
interesting paper under this caption, contributed by Mr. Harrington,
giving an account of the habits of the AAyssa atrata and lunator. These
Long Stings the past summer were very abundant at Oak Hill, the resi-
dence of Mr. Herman T. Livingston, in the township of Livingston,
Columbia Co., New York, and furnished me with a good opportunity of
studying their habits. While I agree with all that has been so well
observed and so cleverly presented by your correspondent, I am somewhat
disposed to differ from the commonly accepted opinion that these insects
deposit their ova on the larvae of wood-borers. My experience has
demonstrated that while it may be a fact that these insects deposit their
ova on the larvae of the Uroceridae or other borers, they do not com-
monly do so. In every case that came under my observation, the long
Ovipositor, instead of penetrating through the burrow of a Zvemex or
other wood-borer, entered through wood that had not been previously
attacked, and though I failed to discover the egg deposited, I am very
much of the opinion that the deposition is oftentimes, if not generally
made regardless of the contact with a larva. My observations were
necessarily confined to such visitations from these insects as were made to
a somewhat decayed stump of a beech tree, for though there were a

224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

number of oaks and other trees close by, their choice was for the beech,
to which both species were constantly arriving and inserting their long
ovipositors. At the close of each day I cut off, to the depth of six inches,
such portions of the stump as had been attacked, but failed to detect in
any of the cuttings either the burrow or larva of Zyemex or other larva.
I also noticed that the wood as exposed by such clippings as I had made,
attracted the greatest number of these insects. I regard it therefore a
matter of considerable doubt if either the afvata or /unator commonly
deposit their ova in the body of wood-boring larvae, and it seems to me
that if these ichneumon larvae are carnivorous, they must possess the
power of boring in search for their food. I do not suppose that these
insects perform the great labor of inserting their long ovipositors upon the
merest chance of meeting with a larva, but rather that they deposit their
eggs at every insertion, my observations abundantly proving that they are
not governed by any instinct in the selection of particular spots, so far as
regards the presence of larvae.

NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SOME SPECIES OF
UROCERID.

BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA, ONT.

Although my collections hitherto have been chiefly of Coleoptera, I
have, as opportunity offered, captured specimens in other orders, and
among those thus taken during the past season are representatives of a
few species of the Uroceride. I wish now to record a few brief notes on
these—the more readily because so little regarding this group has been
published in the ENTOMOLOGIST.

1. On the 25th of June last I captured upon a recently dead maple
tree, near my house, two rather small insects, of which the larger had its
ovipositor inserted in the bark. They proved to be two female specimens
of Xiphydria albicornis Harris. One was half an inch long, the other
five-eighths.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225

2. About the same date I also found upon a maple another female,
which may be only a variety of those just mentioned, or, possibly, a dis-
tinct species. The antenne are dark; the head has two scarcely per-
ceptible white dots ; the legs are much yellower, and only four of the
abdominal segments are marked with white, the dots being very small. It
may be med/ipes of Harris, which he describes as differing chiefly from
albicornis in having ‘only four white spots on each side of the abdomen.”

Length as given by Dr. Harris, four-tenths of an inch; of my specimen
five-eighths of an inch.

3. In looking over my summer collections a few days ago, I dis-
covered an insect which is evidently a male of one of the preceding
insects. Unfortunately it had been hastily pinned without labelling, so
that I cannot give the place of capture or the precise date, which, how-
ever, must have been in June or July. It is small, being barely three-
eighths of an inch long ; head of a clouded yellowish-white color, with a
dark brownish stripe on the vertex ; antennz dark; thorax chiefly white
beneath, and with two V-shaped whitish marks above; wings small ;
abdomen long and very thin.

4. Zremex columbia Say is very destructive here to old beech and
maple trees, especially such as are isolated and growing along road sides,
or have received gashes or injuries of the bark. The Rev. V. Clementi
has recorded (vol. 1, page 29) the issue of specimens from oak firewood
which had been placed near a warm stove. The date of the occurrence
is not given, but as the number containing the account was published on
16th Nov., it probably occurred a month earlier. Dr. Packard (Bulletin
No. 7, “Insects Injurious to Shade and Forest Trees”) infers from this
that the insects mature in the autumn and hibernate as imagines. I can
find no mention of them emerging (under natural conditions) late in the
season, although they must often do so, as shown by the following
instances. On the gth of Oct., 1880, I found one ovipositing in an old
beech. Knowing that the tree had for some time been much infested by
these borers, I made a careful examination of it, and soon saw the man-
dibles and a portion of the head of some insect which was gnawing its
way through the bark. This operation I hastened with the aid of a
pocket-knife, and found that it was another large female Last month
(Oct.) I kept a careful watch for these insects, to ascertain, if possible,
whether their appearance at such a late date had been an exceptional

226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

event. On the rst I found one upon the plank-walk of one of our streets,
and on the gth a second under some maples bordering another street.
The following day I went specially to visit some old maples which are a
favorite resort of these insects, and captured upon one of them a female
in the act of ovipositing, while upon the same tree were the bodies of
three or four which had evidently very recently perished in the perform-
ance of such act. In another tree were a number of holes from which
specimens had apparently but lately emerged. Although this species is
so common, I have not yet captured a male (nor even seen one except in
a collection), yet Dr. Harris, if I remember correctly, describes them as
swarming around the ovipositing females. I may here add that on the
30th Sept. I saw one of their chief enemies, viz., a fine female Rhyssa
lunator Fab., flying actively about.

5. Urocerus nitidus Harris. ‘The abdomen of this species terminates
in a triangular point like that of the preceding one, and very unlike the
long spear-shaped horns of the two following. The females agree in nearly
all respects with that described by Kirby (see vol. ix., page 148) as Szrex
juvencus Linn., but the antenne are longer than the head and thorax,
instead of ‘‘ shorter than the thorax.” Harris describes it, however, as
differing “from the European U. juvencus in the much greater brilliancy

_of its color and in having shorter antennz.” The female is a handsome
insect of a deep greenish-blue color; the head and thorax rough and
hairy, but the abdomen smooth and glossy ; the antenne are black and
the legs yellow. Harris states that the males are unknown, but I have
been so fortunate as to secure several. The head, antenne, thorax and
four anterior legs resemble those of the female. The posterior pair of
legs are much swollen, and are black, with the exception of the thighs.
The abdomen is flattened ; the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh segments
are of a deep orange, or reddish-yellow color, and the last segment is less
sharply pointed than that of the female. This species appears to be most
abundant in the latter part of Sept. and the beginning of Oct., during
which period I captured ten females and three males, as follows: Sept.
21st, female ; 23rd, male and female; 24th, female; 26th, female; 29th,
2 female; 3oth, female ; Oct. 1st, male; 2nd, male and female; 8th,
female ; 18th, female. I have also two males of which the date of cap-
ture is not recorded. They were taken about the beginning of Sept. The

-females measure from three-fourths of an inch to one and one-eighth

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 227

inches in length ; the wings expand from one and one-eighth to one and
three-fourth inches. The males are from nine-sixteenths of an inch to
one and one-eighth inches long, with about the same expanse of wing. All
the above specimens were taken in the city, generally in the morning upon
the sidewalks or fences. The majority of them were under or near
maples, and one was taken upon a tree box, which has led me to think
that they may perhaps attack these trees, although I could find no evi-
dence of their having done so. Probably they may have issued from the
pine timber or lumber of which there is so much about the city.

6. Urocerus albicornis Fab. I captured a female of this species on
the 22nd of Aug., and another on the 26th. Both specimens were taken
in the centre of the city, and about the same time other specimens were
observed flying up and down the street. One was seen to hover for some
time about a telegraph pole, and all the specimens seen were within fifty
yards of this pole. The insect was at some distance above the ground, so
that the pole at that point could not be inspected. The presence of the
insect on it may have been accidental, and all the specimens may have
flown from the lumber yards.

7. Orocerus bizonatus Stephens is a handsome species, larger and
stouter than the preceding one and readily distinguished by its yellow legs
and antennz, the yellow Jumps behind the eyes, and the two yellow bands
across the abdomen, from which it derives its name. I cannot yet record
it as occurring here, although one day about the end of Aug. I saw upon
a house a Uvocerus which appeared to be this species. It flew away, how-
ever, before I could closely observe or capture it. There is a specimen in
the collection of the late Mr. Billings, but it may not have been taken
here. Kirby (vol. 7, page 159) records it as taken in Lat. 65° and on the
journey from New York. I have received from British Columbia two fine
specimens taken by Mr. A. J. Hill, C. E., Can. Pac. Ry. Kirby gives the
length of his specimens as eighteen lines and their expanse of wing as
twenty-five lines. These are the measurements of my larger specimen ;
the length including the ovipositor, without which it is only an inch long.
Has the male been described? I imagine it must be very similar in
appearance to the specimen described by Harris as U. abdominalis.

The males of all the species seem to be rare, even those of our com-
monest species being seldom seen.

228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Not having a monograph, or even a catalogue of the Uroceridae, nor
access to a good entomological library, I do not know how these insects
are at present classified.

A CARD;

After twenty years work on North American Moths, and being more
or less constantly employed in determining material, I find my time so
taken up with it that it excludes other occupation. From this fact, and
the expense and time demanded by the necessary correspondence, I am
obliged to make a charge for my labor. All specimens will be returned
in future, and a charge of ten dollars per hundred or ten cents a speci-
men will be made for labelling them, exclusive of transport and postage.

A. R. Grote, New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y.
October 1, 1882.

ALYPIA OCTOMACULATA.

BY H. H. LYMAN, MONTREAL, P. Q.

Last June I was in Boston, from the 14th to the 30th, and during this
time A/ypza octomaculata was in season and very abundant. Had I chosen
to carry a net in the public gardens and uptown streets, I suppose I could
have taken a couple of hundred specimens, always provided that I wasn’t
“run in” asalunatic. As it was, I contented myself with carrying a
supply of pill boxes, and succeeded in taking about thirty-five specimens.
During two days I was visiting a friend about seven miles from the city,
but did not see a single specimen of this species ; but in those streets in
which there were small plots of grass in front of the houses, they were
very common. ‘The spot where I took the most of those I captured was
a plot of grass about ten feet by seven, in which there was a Syringa
between two Deutzias, both species of shrubs being in blossom. The
Alypias constantly frequented the latter, and were then easily taken with
a pill box, but though they occasionally alighted on the leaves of the
Syringa, I never saw them visit the flowers.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 229

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF
PYRAMEIS ATALANTA, Linn.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

Ecc.—Barrel-shaped, the ends narrowing equally and rounded; the
base flattened over a little space ; from the edge of this start nine vertical
and straight ribs, at first low, but gradually rising in elevation and after the
middle rapidly, till at the top they are very prominent, and terminate
abruptly about the rim of the depressed summit ; these ribs are thin and
grooved on both sides perpendicularly to the surface of the egg ; between
them the surface is a little excavated, and smooth; color green. Duration
of this stage 5 days in May, 3 to 4 in July.

Younc Larva.—Length .o8 inch; cylindrical, tapering posteriorly
from 4th segment ; each segment rounded ; color greenish-brown, semi-
translucent ; furnished with ten rows of black curved hairs, of which two
are close together on middle of dorsum, two are lateral above spiracles,
one is partly in line with, partly below spiracles, and one below this ; on
2 is a sub-oval black chitinous patch, with four hairs on either side the
medio-dorsal line, three others in vertical line below the patch; 3 and 4 °
have five hairs on each side in vertical line, but from 5 to 12, while there
are five hairs, they form two lines, the 1st, 3rd and 5th being in front part
of the segment ; the anal segment shows two hairs on the side, and a
black dorsal patch, on either half of which are about five hairs; two
small hairs over each foot and proleg ; on 2 to 4 the hairs are curved for-
ward, on the other segments back, but on all the lowest row is turned
down ; so on 2 to 4 the next row is turned down; head rounded, black,
with a few black hairs. Duration of this stage in May 4 days, in August 3.

After rst Moult.—Length .12 inch ; wholly black-brown ; armed with
7 rows of short, slender, branching black spines , head rounded, bi-lobed,
the vertices rounded, black, thickly covered with simple, irregular-sized
black branching spines, each ending in black hair; on 2 is a chitinous
dorsal bar with simple spines. Duration of this stage in May and August
2 days.

After 2nd Moult.—Length .3 inch; very nearly as at preceding stage
To next moult 2 to 4 days.

After 3rd Moult.—Length 4 inch; color more black; each segment
several times creased and on the ridges so caused are many minute whitish

230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

tubercles ; in line with spiracles a macular greenish-yellow band, more or
less pronounced, the spots or patches lying on either side the junctions of
the segments ; the spines longer in proportion than before, but slender,
and black; head brown. To next moult 3 days.

After 4th Moult.—Length .6 inch; in from 3 to 4 days the larva
reaches maturity.

Mature Larva.—Length 1.3 inch; cylindrical, obese, the middle
segments much thickened, all well rounded ; color usually velvet-black,
thickly sprinkled with fine yellow points, caused by little tubercles ; in line
with spiracles a series of greenish-yellow patches lying on either side the
junctions of the segments, and forming a macular band ; but this is vari-
able, sometimes being obsolete, or nearly, at others nearly, and even
quite, continuous ; under side smoky-brown ; armed with 7 rows of mod-
erately long, slender, branching spines, which are usually black; but in
some examples are pale yellow-white, and more or less reddish at base,
especially on anterior segments ; one of these rows Is dorsal, three lateral;
the dorsal spines run from 5 to 12; the rst lateral from 3 to 13; the 2nd
lateral from 3 to 13; the 3rd from 5 to 12; besides these are smaller spines
along base and over feet; on 2 is a collar of 12 small spines, 6 on dor-
sum, 3 on either side ; feet black, pro-legs smoky-brown ; head rounded,
bilobed, the vertices rounded, thickly covered with sharp conical black
simple spines, of varying size, each tipped with black hair; color dull
black. From 4th moult to pupation 5 to 6 days.

Chrysalis.—Length .85 to .g5 inch ; cylindrical, the abdomen stout ;
head case moderately produced, bevelled transversely and equally on both
sides, the ocellar projections not prominent ; mesonotum high, rounded,
and bears on summit a small nose-like ridge; the dorsal tubercles rather
large, more or less gilded, the lateral, in two rows, minute, black ; color
varies ; usually reddish-gray, more or less densely reticulated with black ;
the lighter colored caterpillars make light colored chrysalids—greenish-
gray with usually a bronze sheen over dorsal area ; this is sometimes seen
in the darker examples ; the whole surface covered with a delicate bloom.
Duration of this stage about 7 days.

There is much variation in the color of the caterpillars after 3rd
moult. What I describe above I have found to be the usual color at
Coalburgh. But some examples have the whole upper side spotted with
yellow, covering fully half the surface; others are yellow-green, more or
less specked brown, and sometimes there are patches of brown on the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Va

sides. Usually these last have a confluent, instead of macular, yellow band,
along the side, and the spines are always light, whitish, or yellow-white,
with or without red at base. So the head is brown instead of black in
these green examples, and many of the spines on head are white.

But English authors describe the larva of Azalanta as considerably
unlike the foregoing.

Mr. Stainton, Manual Brit. But., 1857, gives it as ‘‘yellowish-gray, with
a pale yellow lateral line,” and says nothing of any other color.

Westwood & Humphreys, in Brit. But., p. 55, say: ‘‘ The caterpillar
is of a dusky green color with a yellowish dorsal line and also a pale line
on each side above the feet.”

Mr. Edwin Birchall, in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 13, p. 210, 1877, writing
from the Isle of Man, says that the butterfly is very common there and
almost everywhere in the British Islands, and that in the Isle of Man the
larvee had swarmed in every lane, in 1876; and goes on to say: “The
larva varies in color remarkably, but may generally (perhaps always) be
classed under one or other of the following descriptions, and yet the color
of some of them is so far intermediate that the variation can scarcely be
called simply dimorphic.

“ry. Ground color gray-green, varying to dingy white, the lateral stripe
not very distinctly marked. Zhds 7s, J think, the typical form, and the only
one that I have seen in England.

‘2, Ground color intensely black, the lateral stripe white or yellow.”

Now it is a noticeable fact that my larve at Coalburgh were nearly all
black in last stage, the lateral stripe usually macular, and greenish-yellow.
A few examples were yellow-green instead of Viack, about 5 per cent. of
the whole, and in these the lateral stripe was more continuous than in the
black ones, and about 5 per cent. were mottled black and yellow. Here
were three distinct types of larva. I have noticed the same thing in larve
of previous years here, but how it is in other parts of the United States
I do not personally know. Dr. Harris says: ‘The full grown ones are
generally of a brown color more or less dotted with white.” Mr. Birchall
says the British type is gray-green varying to dingy white. This last color
I have never met with, and the other authors quoted lead me to believe
that the usual color is gray-green, or yellow-gray, or dusky green, but not
black. Whereas so far as I know, the American type is black, and the
gray-green or yellow are the exceptions.

Mr. Newman also says that the females of Atalanta have a small round

982 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

white spot in the scarlet band on fore wings. Mr. Birchall, however, says :
“The white spot sometimes found on the upper surface of the scarlet
band is not indicative of the female sex; it was present in about one
tenth of the specimens (he raised upwards of 100 butterflies), was pro-
duced from both forms of larve, and in about equal numbers of both
sexes. It varies greatly in size, in some specimens being a barely dis-
cernible speck.” None of my butterflies, at Coalburgh, showed this white
spot, nor have I any example from any locality which shows it. I asked
Mr. Lintner to examine his specimens and report on this spot. He
writes : “I have but five, and one of the females has an extra white spot
in the band in the second median interspace.”

Atalanta is one of the few species of butterfly which are found the
world over. In West Virginia, there are three broods of the larvz, the
first in May and early June, the second in July and early August, the third
late in September, and the butterflies from the last larve hibernate, hiding
probably in hollow trees, crevices of outhouses and barns, perhaps among
rocks, ready to come forth in warm days of winter or early in the spring.
I always see them about the wild plum blossoms, which are almost the
earliest of the year. In two or three years of the last fifteen, it has been
an easy matter to find the caterpillars in considerable numbers, but the
present season, 1882, has been remarkable over all for their great abund-
ance. I brought in, one day with another, in June, at least 150, and
could have had a thousand. We have here Nettles, urtice, which the
books mention as the food plant of this species, but the False Nettle,
Boehmeria cylindrica, is almost invariably selected by AZalanta 2 for
depositing her eggs. Grapta Comma feeds on the same plant in preference
to nettles, and sometimes G. /z/errogationts larve are found on it also.
The winter of 1881-82 was exceedingly mild, and apparently the mildness
was the cause of great destruction of hibernating butterfly larvae and
chrysalids, in this section. Experiments show that larvae of Argynnis
and Satyrus kept at a low artificial temperature through the winter months
are healthy, and it is to be presumed that mild weather, which allows but
semi-torpidity, and more or less activity, must be disastrous in many
cases. Besides, a mild winter encourages predaceous insects, spiders,
birds, etc., which destroy larvae and chrysalids. Certainly butterflies were
never so scarce since I have collected, as in the season just past, and many
species usually very common here were altogether wanting. In the case
of hibernating imagos, a mild winter may not be unfavorable for their

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ys a

preservation. They are supposed to be well out of reach of many sorts
of enemies in their hiding places. Some years ago, the late Dr. L. K.
Hayhurst, in charge of a construction force on one of the railroads run-
ning south from Sedalia, Mo., wrote me that his men had cut down a
hollow tree, which broke with the fall and disclosed quite a number of
butterflies, of different species, in hibernation. For myself, I have never
seen a butterfly in that condition.

The larvae of Aza/anta are remarkable for the construction of cases or
pouches in which from the first stage to last they live.concealed, and find-
ing them so plenty, I set myself to watch their operations. But first I
read up the history so far as books at my disposal gave it. The accounts
in these books are very meagre, and but half correct. The fullest is given
in Newman’s Nat. Hist. of Br. But., pp. 62-3, where we read: “ The egg
is solitary, laid here and there on the leaves of the stinging-nettle ; almost
immediately after emerging from the egg, the little caterpillar draws
together the leaves of the nettle and feeds in concealment ; as it increases
in size, it requires more space, and continues to increase the size of its
domicile up to the period of pupation ; I have never met with it feeding
exposed. . . . When full-fed, it constructs a somewhat more elaborate
retreat ; it gnaws through the petiole of a leaf, or eats the main stalk of the
nettle within a few inches of the top, not quite separating it ; the part thus
almost separated falls over and completely withers, and ¢his withered por-
tion ts formed into a compact retreat, secured from casualties of weather
and from the inspection of birds ; from the roof of this the caterpillar
suspends itself . . and in two days becomes . . achrysalis,” &c.
(The italics in all the quotations given are mine.)

Dr. Harris, Ins. 1862, p. 294, says: “It deposits its eggs in May upon
the youngest and smallest leaves of this plant (Nettle), not “here and
there,” as Newman has it, ‘‘deing cautious to drop only one upon a single leaf,
As soon as the caterpillar is hatched, 7 spins a “ittle web to cover itself,
securing the threads ail around to the edges of the leaf, so as to bend upward
the sides and form a kind of trough in which it remains concealed. One end
of the cavity ts open, and through this the caterpillar thrusts its head while
eating. It begins with the extremity of the folded leaf, and eats downwards,
and as tt gradually consumes its habitation, tt retreats backwards, till at
last, having, as it were, eaten itself out of house and home, tt is found to
abandon its imperfect shelter, and construct a new one. This ts better than
the first ; for the insect has become larger and stronger, and withal, more

234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

skilful from experience. ‘The sides of the larger leaf . . . are drawn
together by silken threads, so that the edges of the leaf meet closely and
form a light and commodious cavity, which securely shelters and com-
pletely conceals the included caterpillar. This in time is eaten like the
first, and another is formed in like manner. At length the caterpillar,
having eaten up and constructed several dwellings in succession, and
changed its skin three or four times, comes to its full size, leaves off eat-
ing, and seeks a suitable place in which to undergo tts transformations,” &c.
“The butterflies from the first brood appear in July, and from the second
in September” (in Mass.)

Mr. Scudder’s account is very brief, Butterflies, p. 110: ‘ The cater-
pillar constructs a somewhat similar though more perfect nest (i. e., than
what is called a Tiger Swallow-tail—whatever that may be, some Asiatic
species we may suppose), by fastening together the opposite edges of a
nettle-leaf, the tip of which it eats when foo lazy to go from home, until
there is barely enough lef: for shelter ; zs weight causes the leaf to droop, so
that the nest is easily discovered.”

The only information contained in Westwood & Humphrey’s British
Butterflies, 1848, on the habits of the larva of AZza/anta is this: According
to Sepp., the caterpillar, after it is hatched, selects a Nettle-leaf, which
it draws together with threads into a roundish, hollow form, leaving for the
most part az opening into the interior both before and behind, thus serving
both for shelter and food until almost devoured, when it selects a fresh
leaf, and proceeds with it in the same manner, one caterpillar only being
found on a single leaf, thus indicating a peculiar liking for a solitary life.”

Boisduval and Leconte, 1833, say: ‘“ It lives isolated on Nettle, and
is almost constantly concealed between many leaves drawn together by

some threads.”
(To be Continued.)

NEW SPECIES AND NOTES ON STRUCTURE OF MOTHS
AND GENERA.
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M.
(Continued from Page 218.)
CAMPOMETRA AMELLA Guen., 3, 25, pl. 18, fig. 8.

This genus and species I have accidentally omitted from the “ New
Check List.” I have never identified the species with certainty. For

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 235

some time I have conjectured it was the same as ELudolina Stylobata
‘Harvey. With regard to the genera separated from Homoptera by Gueneé,
I have merely insisted on the validity of Za/e in former papers. But I am
averse to throwing them together until we know the early stages upon
which Gueneé seems to have relied, using Abbot’s drawings. Another
reason with me has been (as I have pointed out) that ,Zomoptera is a
term used in another Sub-order of Insecta. Probably Pheocyma will have
to be adopted, as the insect I have identified as Zunifera (figured by
Gueneé) does not seem to me to differ generically from our other species
arranged under Homoptera.

The type of Lubolina Impartialis recalled to me the Homoptera
Stylobata and Mima of Harvey, by the less completely lined secondaries,
and I have grouped the species near Homoptera, where I am satisfied they
are better placed, though probably higher than Homoptera and leading to
it. Unfortunately I made no study of the genus and cannot be certain
that the forms are correctly associated. /mpartialis will probably occur in
Texan collections ; when I receive a specimen I shall examine it with a
view to settle its relationship with Campometra and the species referred to
Eubolina in the “New Check List.” -Among the genera I have never
seen and which I cannot form any opinion upon from the descriptions are
T haumatopsis and Homophoberia. Although Mr. Smith does not mention
Cilla Distema,1 do not think this can be the former. Mr. Smith seems
to have published his “Synopsis ” without knowing a large number of my
generic types. But he seems to have all of Mr. Morrison’s, and, while
following my reference of Lutricopis to Melicleptra, he rehabilitates
Eucalyptera as distinct from Scolecocampa on the position of the labial
palpi; this did not seem to me essentially different, and the two insects
have as close a general resemblance as Plagiomimicus and Polenta and
agree in other characters almost exactly ; I cannot now re-examine them,
but as the claw on the front tibiae of 7eppert is overlooked by Mr. Smith,
and the exposed cup-like clypeal structure of Plagéomimicus, I feel certain
that the ‘‘ Synopsis” is both unreliable and partizan, and the determined
use of Boisduval’s and Treitschke’s genera when they have not the sanc-
tion of priority, confirms my belief that it is written with a bias. Every
omission to make a complete and faultless diagnosis on my part is made
much of, while the generic descriptions of other writers, wanting in every
point: such as accuracy of statement, circumstantiality, completeness,
comprehension of the real affinity of the type (e. q. Polenta, etc.,) are

236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

passed upon as if already well described. So that it seems to me that
Mr. Smith’s refusal to recognise certain proposed genera is not the result
of their want of given characters but of their authorship. Genera such as
Rhododipsa (not ‘‘ Rhododispa,” and of the few names, ‘“ Hypsoropta,”
“‘ Autoplaga,” ‘‘ Pangrapha,” ‘‘ Pseudoglossa,” “ Lepidomis,” ‘‘ Nolophana,”
“Panapoda,” ‘‘ Melicliptria,” ‘“‘ Macrohypena,” “Shinia,” etc., are by Mr:
Smith wrongly written) Bull. U. S. G. Surv., vol. 3, 797, are. sufficiently
described when the eyes, tibiae, clypeus and palpi are noticed comparatively.
But an author who considers the color of Sanguznea and Florida, and their
pattern, the same, must be manufacturing his case or be possessed of an
honest disregard of differences. Here, also, Mr. Smith unites Porrima
and Rhodophora, although, joined to other differences of armature and
vestiture, the palpi are ‘‘ horizontal” in one case and slightly “ drooping ”
in the other. The palpal difference is a//, so far as I can see, to separate
Eucalyptera from Scolecocampa, and yet Mr. Smith considers them beyond
question distinct, while Porvima and Rhodophora are united. I do not
verify even this palpal difference of Hucalyptera and cannot consider the
genera distinct. As to AZefahadena it appears now that it has a claw, and
the distinction between it and Ovcocnemis is in order; the character is not
given by its author, whose diagnosis gives no single distinctional character
from Homohadena.

Yrias CLIENTIS, n. s.

Size moderate, a little larger than Guenee’s figure of Progenies. Rather
light brown with both wings crossed by a number of dark brown, nearly
equally distinct, transverse lines, a little uneven and oblique, bent superi-
orily ; the median lines most distinct. | On costa the dark costal dots are
relieved by a pale yellowish shade, obtaining especially centrally. An
apical black V-shaped mark, enclosed by pale streaks, giving the effect of
an ocellus. Body untufted, cylindrical. Beneath paler, with three faint
shade bands on hind wings and two, the inner faint, on fore wings. Fringes
brown. Arizona. LZxpanse 28 mil.

Yrias REPENTIS Grote.

I referred this species originally to Homopyratis, but it rather belongs
to this genus, not previously described from North America. This species
is known by the running inwards of the t. p. line. Zxpanse 26 mil.
Arizona,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 237

YRIAS CRUDELIS, 0. S.

g ¢. Smaller than the preceding ; of a more blackish brown color.
The subterminal line is inaugurated by a black shade picked out by a fol-
lowing clay-colored edging. Thet. p. line is edged on both sides by a
similar clay-colored costal shade, and there is a light spot on cell in place
of reniform. The median shade is diffuse inferiorly. The lines are dark
and tolerably distinct, relieved at the middle of inner margin of second-
aries by a pale shade. Beneath glistening, not much paler than above.
Expanse 20 mil. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq.

A number of specimens, varying but little in size or appearance.

(To be Continued.)

A NEW STATE ENTOMOLOGIST FOR ILLINOIS.

Prof. Cyrus Thomas, to whom we are indebted for six out of the eleven
valuable reports which have been issued by the State of Illinois on noxious
and beneficial insects, has removed to Washington, and Prof, S. A. Forbes,
of Normai, Illinois, has been appointed State Entomologst in his place.
We heartily congratulate Prof. Forbes on his well-deserved promotion, and
also congratulate the authorities of the State in that they have secured the
services of one so competent, thorough and painstaking as Prof. Forbes
has shown himself to be in his published papers on natural science.

DESCRIPTION OF A DIPTEROUS PARASITE OF PHYLLOXERA
VASTATRIX.
*TD)IPLOSIS ? GRASSATOR, DN. S.
BY REV. T. W. FYLES, COWANSVILLE, P. Q.

Larva, one-tenth of an inch in length—pointed at the head—rounded
and blunt at the hinder extremity. First three segments the color of
amber, and semi-transparent: the rest of the body salmon-colored.
Nine sets of hooks, or tentacles, in place of feet, the two first in pairs, the
remainder in threes. The larva has the habit of holding itself erect, by
means of peculiar anal protuberances which seem to cling by suction. The

*This insect is referred to the genus Diplosis in deference to an opinion expressed
by Prof. C. V. Riley, when in Montreal in August last.

238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

body has minute hairs thinly scattered over it. On the sides of the head,
which is small and black, there are bristle-like palpi, pointing forwards
The larva is full fed by the end of August.

In the accompanying figure, drawn by
myself from nature, the larva is shown
at a, the purpa at 4, and the imago at ¢,
all highly magnified. The natural size
of the perfect insect is given at @.

Pupa, dark brown, about 9-100
of an inch long. The antenne
cases form a striking feature, project-
ing on either side about one-sixth the
length of the pupa, and giving a flat-
tened appearance to the head. A pair
of sete mark the position of each
: spiracle, and there is a rounded pro-
on, tuberance at the hinder extremity.

Fig.

ImMaco.— Wings, semi-transparent—beautifully opaline—three-ribbed
—having the form of the blades of a propeller—fringed with long hairs.
Balancers conspicuous. Azfenne, setaceous, 24 jointed, having a circlet
of hairs around each joint. yes, large and black. Thorax, reddish
brown, with a peculiar hump on the back, behind the wings. Zegs, long
and hairy. Addomen, salmon-colored—has two lines of hairs extending
lenthwise on the under side. The perfect insect appears early in
September.

[This insect was reared by us about the same time as those by Mr.
Fyles. It was very common in the neighborhood of London this year,
infesting the gall-inhabiting type of the Phylloxera. The following notes
in reference to it may be of interest, omitting the description already
so well given by Mr. Fyles :

About the middle of August my attention was directed to the foliage
of some grape-vines, Clinton and other varieties, which were suffering from
an attack of the gall-inhabiting type of Phylloxera. On opening some of
the older galls they were found to be free from living lice and occupied by
one, or in some instances two, small, brown chrysalids, and a number of the
empty skins of the young lice. On further examination many of the galls
were found to contain the larve of this same insect.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239

The egg is deposited by the parent fly in the gall, or at its entrance.
Each gall is usually occupied by several full grown lice, and from 50 to 500
minute yellow eggs, which are gradually deposited and as gradually
hatched. The young larva of our new found friend is very active, and
groping about within the hollow of the gall, seizes on the young lice as
hatched and sucks them dry. We could find no evidence of its attacking
the parent lice, as long as the newly-born and tender progeny were
in sufficient abundance to furnish it with a constant supply of fresh
food. In some instances one larva, in others two were found in a single
gall ; but in no instance have we found living lice with the chrysalids, an
evidence that this insect does its work throroughly. A sufficient number
of galls have not yet been examined to determine with any accuracy the
proportion occupied, but they appear to be sufficiently numerous to ma-
terially check the increase of this destructive pest.—|Ep. C. E.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Dear Sir: In the last number of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, at p-
219, by the omission of quotation marks at the beginning and end of the
piece of poetry, I am credited with the authorship of these lines. This
is a mistake; my signature should have come after the word ENTOMOLOGIST
on the previous page, and the whole of the subsequent part is a quotation
from the Dublin Penny Journal. By making this correction as soon as
possible, you will greatly oblige yours truly, J. FLETCHER.

Dear Sir: In reply to Dr. Hagen’s note I would say that Staudinger’s
errata does not alter my position (which can be proved by Staudinger’s
preferring Scabriuscula to Pinastri—I took the Papilio as better known),
but merely shows that he would have still preferred Szzon, if Podalirius
had not really been “ Vetustius.” A reference to Staudinger’s ‘“ Preface”
proves his position and my own. If this note of Dr. Hagen’s is intended
asa guid pro quo by the good Doctor for my finding himself and Mr. W.
H. Edwards insufficiently citing Ochsenheimer, I don’t think it a success,
Fabet ? A, R. ‘(GROTE.

Rev. W. J. Holland, of Pittsburg, Pa., wishes to correspond with any
one in Canada desiring to exchange Coleoptera or Lepidoptera.

240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Dear Sir: Ina recent number of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST is
a short note by Mr. J. Alston Moffat, part of which concerns two species
of Cyllene, pictus and robinie. As there appears to be some difficulty in
properly distinguishing these species, it is probable that a note in the
ENTOMOLOGIST would assist in making more generally known the char-

acters published by me a short time since (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1880,
Dp. 134, DEL) Hg. "8):

If we examine the under side of the two species, noting the form of
the prosternal process, it will be observed that this in vodcnie is nearly
square, so that the front coxz are moderately widely separated. The
second joint of the hind tarsi is densely pubescent over its entire surface.
The male antennz are rarely longer than three fourths the length of the
body, and but little if any stouter than those of the female. Generally
the W-band nearly always joins the transverse band at the suture.

C. pictus, however, has a narrow prosternum, nearly twice as long as
wide. The male antennze are much stouter and at least a fourth longer
than the body. The W-band rarely joins the transverse band. On the
hind tarsi the second joint is nearly glabrous along its middie.

The two species differ also in habitat and time of appearance, fectus
living in the hickory and appearing in early spring, while vobzmz@ bores the
locust and appears in the autumn. Hoping these few notes will prove
acceptable to your readers, I remain, vours truly,

Philadelphia, Dec., 1882. Gro. H. Horn.

A CORRECTION.

In the October (1879) number of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ap-
peared a short note by the writer on the larve of Lachnosterna fusca.
These larve have, by subsequent rearing to the perfect state, proven to
belong to Allorhina ( Gymnetis ) nitida. L. O. Howarp.

Dear Sir: Iam satisfied from a recent examination of the imago
reared from it, that the larval description on page 14, vol. 12 of CaN.
Ent., should apply to Agrotis /neivis Guen., instead of to A. Lubricans
Guen. G. H. FRENCH, Carbondale, Ills.

[Printed January 10, 1883. ]

INDEX TO VOLUME XIV.

Ablepharon Henrici, 107.
A card, 228.
A correction, 239, 240.
Acronycta lepusculina, 221.
Actias luna, development of, 98.
Aeshna heros, 56.
Agonoderus comma, 104.
" pallipes, 104.
" rugicollis, 105.
Agrotis annexa, preparatory stages of, 207.
-n Dollit, x. s., 2166
» hospitalis, n. s., 184.
incivis, 240.
lubricans, 240.
" niveilinea, 216.
Aletia argillacea, 9, 99, 150.
Alypia octomaculata, 228.
Amara interstitialis, 7.
Amer. Assoc. Ady. Sci., meeting of, 136+
Ancyloxypha /exa, 2. s., 5.
Annual Meeting Ent. Soc, Ont , 137, 140, 177.
Antaplaga, 74.
Anthomyia betae, 96.
Anthomyidae leaf mining
Antigaster mirabilis, 35.
Anytus sculptus var planus, 183.
Apamea inquaesita, 179.
n list of species of, 170.
Apatura celtis, 53.

, 96.

" ora, 25.
" herse, 53.
" lycaon, 53.

Aphididae, notes on, 13.
" of Florida, 88.
Aphis lonicerae, 13.
Apple-tree pest, a new, 30.
Argynnis alcestis, 51.

" columbina, 151. |
" cybele, 23, 51.
" diana, 22, 51.

idalia, 20, 51.
Arsilonche albovenosa, 197.
Henrici, 170.
Apinneaay Wm. H., articles by, 35, 85.

Bessula, 74.
Birds, revised check list of, 140.
Book notices, 118, 139, 220.
Bowles, G J, articles by, ror, 138
Brachyimiyia, it. +5 77-

" lupinad, N. S.5 77+

" nigripes, N.S, 78.
Brachypalpus pzudcher, 1. s., 79-
Bucculatrix ambrosiae-foliella, larva of, 153.
Buprestis striata, 7.
Butterflies, list of, taken in Dacotah and Montana, 6.
Byssodes obrussata, It.

Cabbage butterfly, English, 1, 7, 18, 39, 99, 218.

" " Southern, 1, 18.

Callipterus, American species of, r4.

" hyperici, 13.

" trifolii, 14.

" ulmifolii, 13.

Callopteryx, 178.
Campometra amella, 234.
Capis, 2. £., 20.
" curvata, 1. $., 20, 100, 11g, 139.
Catocala polygama var. amida, 120.

" Walshii, 47-

Catocalae, list of, taken at Frankford,

" of Illinois, 119.
Chalcididae of Florida, 35.

" on some, 48.
Chalcophora lberta, 7.

" virginiensis, 7.
Chambers, V. T., articles by.
Chariclea, 183.

Chermes alni, 61.
Chionobas tarpeia, 120.

" Uhleri, 4.

" VATUHA, WU. S., 2, 28.
Choraspilates Arizonaria, 109.
Chortophila floccosa, 97.
Chrysomela elegans, 7.

" labyrinthica, 57«
Chrysopa, mouth of, 176
Cicindela limbalis, 8.

Pa., 59:

153, 180.

" longilabris, 8.

" 12 guttata, 8.

" purpurea, 7.

" sex-guttata, 7, 8.
" vulgaris, 7.

Clytus pictus, 200.

Clarkson, F., article by, 223.
Claypole, E. W., article by, 17.
Clothes moths, 166.

Coccophagus aninulipes, i. S., 37+
Cold applied to larvae, effects of, 22.
Colias christina, 55.

" eurytheme, 50.

1 philodice, 50.
Colopha compressa, 15.
Conotrachelus nenuphar,
Conservula, 212.
Copaeodes Wrightti, 1 %., 152.

Copablepharon longipenne, 1. 8., 169.

" subjlavidens, i. s., 169.
Coquillett, D. W., article by, 60.
Correspondence, 38, 60, 98, 119, 137, 180, 200, 218,

2

i

Cucullia Montanae, 1. s., 175.
Cyclica, n. 8., 174.

" Srondaria, i. S., 174.
Cyllene pictus, 200, 240.

" robiniae, 200, 240.
Cymataphora datavia, 1. s., 173.

Debis Portlandia, preparatory stages of, 34.
Diplosis, parasitic species of, 146, 237.

" grassator, i. S., 237-
Dodge, Charles R, articles by, 30, 93.

INDEX TO

VOLUME XIV.

Dodge, G M, article by, 39.
Donation, 40.
Dragon flies, migration of, 56.
Drepanodes puber, 107.

" sesquilinea, 107.

; " varus, 108.

Drosophila aceti, 102.

" ampelophila, 101, 137.

" cellaris, 102.

" flava, 102.

" funebris, 102.
Dury Charles, article by, 176

Ecpantheria scribonia, 113.
Edwards, W. H , articles “by, 2 2, 21, 285 205
120, 152, 163, 189, 194, 201, 229
Ellopia bibularia, 108.
«* ~~ endropiaria, 100.
pellucidaria, 108.
Endropia arefactaria, 108.
We vinosaria, 108.
Entomological notes for 1881, 17.
Society of Ontario, annual meeting
of, 137, 149, 177-
Entomology, elementary work on, 118.
for beginners, 41, 81, 113, 221.
Epinyctis, 75.
Errata, 180, 239, 240.
Eucaterva variaria, 109.
Euchaetes, list of species of, 190
Eudaemonia Streckerl, 128.
Eugeniamyia, 2 g., 80.
oe rufa, nN. S., 80.
Eugonia subsignaria, 30.
‘“ vidularia, 1. S.,
Euleucophaeus, 214.
Eupelmus, 35-
YOS@, HN. S., 30.
cynipidis, 1. s., 36.
Eupethecia gy/sata, 2. Se, 188
Eupseudosoma /loridum, 2 s., 187.
Euptoieta claudia, 219
Eustrotia /laviguttata, 7. s., 187-

49, 84,

“cc

173:

“

Fager, D. B., articles by, 120, 130.
Fernald, G H., article by, 166.
Fidonia notataria, early stages of, 199.
Field notes, 1881, 7+

Fletcher James, article by. 218.

Fota, 2. £ , 174.
»‘° armata, n.

“

S.y 175, 181
minorata, 181.
Fotella, n. g, 181.
zs uotalis, 2. S., 181.
French, G. H.. articles by, 9, 33, 48, 97, 180, 207,

240.
Fyles, Rev. T. W., articles by, 198, 237.

Gall mite on nettle tree, 198.
Gaurotes cyanipennis, 58
Gehring, Geo. J., article by, 72
Gelechia gallaesolidaginis, 161.
Geometridez, North American,
Glaucopteryx aurata, 186.
Goniloba tityrus, 160, 200.
Goodell, L. W , article by, 199.
Goodhue, Chas. F., article by, 7
Gortyna impecuniosa, 184.
Grape berry moth. 178.
‘* phylloxera, 121,

100.

144.

Grapta comma, preparatory stages of, 189,
% interrogationis, preparatory stages of, 201.
Grote, A. R., articles by, 18, 29, 32, 46, 47, 74, 106,
115, 116, T1Q, 128, 134, 169, 181, 195, 196, 212,
234, 240.
Gyros, list of species of, 195.

Hadena aurea, 1. 5., 19+
hausta, 2. S., 217-
Zdonea, 2. S., 18.
Hadronyia, Nn. 2.) 78.
ervandis, 2. , 79:
Hagen, Dr. H A., articles by, 11, 39, 180.
Hamilton John, article by, 104.
Harrington, W, H.., articles by, 7,
Heliomata, 110.
Heliophila 7/#0sa, 2 s, 216.
Heliothis nuchalis, 186.
Helotropha, list of species of, 171.
sera, 170.
Hessian fly, 139, 142
Holophora arctata, 127.
Homoptera edusa, 133, 180.
lunata, preparatory stages of, 130, 180.
nigricans, 134.
Saundersii, 133, 180.
Homopyralis az7seruldata, n. s., 185.
Hop-vine borer, 93.
Horn, Dr. Geo. H., article by, 240.
Hoy, Dr P. R., article by, roo.
Hybernia tiliaria, 222.
Hydriomene veffata,n s., 186.
Hylobius pales, 8.
Hyperchiria zephyria, 215.

“ce

81, 224,

“ce

Icthyura Jadla, 2 s., 33.

Insects, fossil, bibliography of, 119.

injurious to forest trees, 118.

injurious to fruit trees in California, 139,
148.

noxious and beneficial, 119-

physiological arrangement of, 111, 134.

Isosoma Allynii, n. s., 9, 48.

elymi, i. S., 10, 48, 97-

ee hordei, 98.

triticl, 97.

Ithycerus curculionides, 8.

“<c

Jack, John G., article by, 219.

Kellicott, D. S., article by, 161.

Lachnosterna fusca, 17.
Last year's collecting, 57.
Leopard moth, 113.
Lemonias nais. 25, 50.

ne Palmeri, 25, 50-
Leucania phragmitidicola, 197.
Libythea Bachmanii, 40.
Limenitis ursula, 29.
Lime-tree measuring worm, 222
Lintner, J. A., article by, 96
Lobesia botrana, 178
Long-stings, 81, 223.
Luxuriosa, 175-
Lycaena aster, 2. S , 194.

. pseudargiolus, 50.
Lyman, H. H., article by, 2
Lythria /ultaria, 2. s., EPG

INDEX TO

Mamestra géactata, 7 S., 17%

2 gnata, N. S., 170.
Marmopteryx sfomsata, 7. 8.) 215-
Marten John, article by, 210.
Mategramma rubrosuftusa, 172.
Melicleptria celeris, 171.
Merapioidus villosus, 77-

Moffat, J. Alston, articles by, 57, 98, 200.
Monell Joseph, article by, 13.
Moths, North American, 46.
Mundt, A. H., article by, 56.

Nematocampa expunctaria, 110.
Nematus ventricosus, 147.
Neonympha areolatus, preparatory stages of,
" canthus, 165.
Noctuidz, certain forms of, 74-
" general characters of, 65-
" of North America, essay on, 220.
Nomenclature Zoologus, 116.
North American insects, oldest figures of, rr.

Obituary, 176.

Oncocnemis gviseicodlis, 2 s., 19.
Ophion macrurum, 43.

Osborn, Herbert, article by, 61.
Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club,

220.
Oxycnemis, 2. g., 182.
" advena, nm. S., 182.

Oxylos citrinellus, 172.

Paedisca Scudderiana, a gall maker, 161.
Papilio ajax, 24, 26, 50.
cresphontes, 138, 180, 219-
machaon, 21, 178.
» marcellus, 27.
" marsupia? 177.
philenor, 21.
» podalirius, 180.
u polydamus, 120.
1) Sinon, 180.
1 telamonides, 27-
1» Walshii, 27.
Pea fungus, 150.
Pemphigus acv‘is, 7. s., 16.

" tesselata, 61.

Pheosia rimosa, early stages of, 73.
Phorodon mahalek, 13-
Photinus angulatus, 8.
Phycidz, on two genera ef, 29.
Phylloxera vastatrix, 121. 144.
Pieris protodice, 1, 18, 99-

“ rapz, 1, 7, 18, 39, 99) 218.
virginiensis, 57-
Pipiza radicum, 127, 146.
Pippona. 75.
Plagiomimicus, 75, 182.
Plagodes, rog.

" floscularia, 109.

" rosaria, I10.
Platycerus quercus, 7-
Platysamia, 213.

Pleonectyptera Aistovialis, 1. S., 188.
Plusia precationis, 60.
simplex, 60.
Plum curculio, 17.
Polenta, 75-
Polestes annulatus, 7.
Polyphemus moth, 41.

ce

163.

transactions of, |

VOLUME XIV. 243

Poplar dagger-moth, 221.

Psephenus Lecontei, 72.

Pseudohazis, 214.

Pyrameis atalanta, preparatory stages of, 229.
Pygarctia abdominalis, 20.

Reed, E. B., articles by, 160, [8o.
Republication of vols. 1 and 2, Can. Ent., 151.
| Rheumaptera ‘#mediata, %. S., 184.
Rhyssa atrata, 82, 223.

ee lunator, 82, 223.
Ripogenus pulcherrimus, 183.

.
Samia cecropia, 177.
columbia, 177-

Saperda discoidea, 58.
Satyrus alope, 51.
Saunders, W., articles by, 1, 41, 113, 118, 121, 136,

140, 176, 177; 178, 220, 221, 237-
Saunders, W. E., article by, 140.
Segments, number of larval, 52.
Serica sericea, 7-
| Siewers, Chas. G., death of, 176.
Siphonophora asclepiadis, 89.

" citrifolii, gt.
" rosz, 88.

var. floridz, 88.
" rubi, 89.
" solantfolit, n. S., 92-
" viticola, 89.
" dimorphism among the, go.
| Skinner, Harry, article by, 20.
Smith, John B., articles by, 65, 100, 139, 197.
Southern cabbage butterfly, r.
Sphyracephala brevicornis, 218.
Spragueia, 172.

" on the species of, 32.

" funeralis, 33-
| " pardalis, 33-
" sordida, #. S., 217+
State Entomologist for Illinois, a new 237.
Stenosphenus notatus, 58-
Stibadium, 76.
Stiria, 76.
Swinton, A. H., article by, 111.
Synedoida insperata, 175.
Syrphide, North American, 77+
Systena frontalis, 147-

'

Tabanide, new, 210.
Tachycellus atrimedius, 104.
Tamila lucens, 175;
n tumida, 186,
Telea polyphemus, 41.
Tetracis Coloradaria, 107.
" lorata, 107.
Tetraneura gvamints, 1. Ss , 10.
" ulmi, 16.
Thalpochares fervtta, 7 S.) 171+
Thamnonoma ferfpallidaria, 1. s., 185.
" quadraria, n. S-., 185.
Thecla calanus, on eggs of, 52.
Therisplectes Californicus, 2. S., 210.
" captonts, 1. S., 211.
" centron, %. S., 211.
” haemaphoris, It. S., 2116
Tinea biselliella, 167, 169.
» flavifrontella, 166.
» pellionella, 167, 169-
» tapetzella, 168, 169.

244 INDEX TO VOLUME XIV.

‘Tineola biselliella, 160. Urocerus nitidus, 226.
‘Tornos escavia, 7. S., 186.
" interruptaria, i. s, 185.
" ochrofuscaria, 186.
‘Yortricidae, Fernald’s catalogue of, 115.
Tortricodes bifidalis, 66. |
‘Trama g7tseipenits, 2. s., 183.
‘Trans i f eggs young larvae, 24.
pees abe, 225. aod Young a Williston, Dr. S. W., articles by, 77, 138.
Trichogramma pretiosa, 147.
Tripudia, notes on the genus of, 32, 172.
" lata, 1. S., 173+
" versuta, 172.
" list of species of, 195.
‘Tyroglyphus phylloxera, 121, 127, 146.

Vanessa antiopa, 7.
; no Milberti, 218.
Van Wagenen G H., article by, 138.

Xiphydnia albicornis, 224.
" mellipes, 225.

Yeast as an insect destroyer, 38.
Yrias clientis, 1. s., 236.
un crudelis, 2. S., 237.
Pereniee, on the occurrence of some species " repentis, 236.
of, 224.

Urocerus albicornis, 227.
" bizonatus, 227. Zotheca viridifera, 217.

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